Echovirus

Clasificación

Características Generales y Epidemiología

Características generales de Echovirus Echovirus Echoviruses are single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses belonging to the genus Enterovirus. Transmission is most commonly through the fecal-oral route. The majority of patients are asymptomatic. Patients who are symptomatic can exhibit a wide range of illnesses ranging from nonspecific URIs and exanthems to severe and life-threatening illnesses. Echovirus

• Los LOS Neisseria echovirus Echovirus Echoviruses are single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses belonging to the genus Enterovirus. Transmission is most commonly through the fecal-oral route. The majority of patients are asymptomatic. Patients who are symptomatic can exhibit a wide range of illnesses ranging from nonspecific URIs and exanthems to severe and life-threatening illnesses. Echovirus ( virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology humano huérfano, citopático y entérico) representan cepas de varias especies dentro de:
  • Familia: Picornaviridae Picornaviridae A family of small RNA viruses comprising some important pathogens of humans and animals. Transmission usually occurs mechanically. There are nine genera: aphthovirus; cardiovirus; enterovirus; erbovirus; hepatovirus; kobuvirus; parechovirus; rhinovirus; and teschovirus. Coxsackievirus
  • Género: Enterovirus Enterovirus A genus of the family picornaviridae whose members preferentially inhabit the intestinal tract of a variety of hosts. The genus contains many species. Newly described members of human enteroviruses are assigned continuous numbers with the species designated ‘human enterovirus’. Coxsackievirus
• Virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology de ARN:
  • Lineal
  • Monocatenario
  • Sentido positivo
  • Funciona como ARNm
• Diámetro: 20–30 nm
• Simetría icosaédrica
• Carece de envoltura lipídica
• Resistente a los LOS Neisseria ácidos

Especies clínicamente relevantes

Hay aproximadamente 29 serotipos de Echovirus Echovirus Echoviruses are single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses belonging to the genus Enterovirus. Transmission is most commonly through the fecal-oral route. The majority of patients are asymptomatic. Patients who are symptomatic can exhibit a wide range of illnesses ranging from nonspecific URIs and exanthems to severe and life-threatening illnesses. Echovirus reconocidos:

• 1‒9
• 11‒21
• 24‒27
• 29‒33

Epidemiología

• Común
• Distribución a nivel mundial
• Incidencia máxima: verano y principios de otoño
• Afecta más a los LOS Neisseria niños que a los LOS Neisseria adultos
• Sexo:
  • Niños: niños > niñas
  • Adolescentes y adultos: mujeres > hombres

Patogénesis

Reservorio

Los LOS Neisseria humanos son el único reservorio.

Transmisión

• Vía fecal–oral (más común)
• Aerosoles respiratorios

Factores de riesgo

Los LOS Neisseria brotes son comunes en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum:

• Guarderías
• Escuelas
• Hospitales

Fisiopatología

• Entrada oral del virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology → replicación en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria tejidos linfáticos y mucosa faríngea y gastrointestinal
• Viremia Viremia The presence of viruses in the blood. Erythema Infectiosum asintomática → sistema reticuloendotelial, que incluye:
  • Ganglios linfáticos distantes
  • Médula ósea
  • Bazo
  • Hígado
• La replicación ocurre → propagación secundaria a:
  • SNC
  • Corazón
  • Pulmones
  • Piel

Presentación Clínica

La mayoría de las infecciones son subclínicas (50%–80% son asintomáticas) y la presentación clínica puede variar de leve a letal.

Enfermedad respiratoria

Los LOS Neisseria pacientes pueden tener síntomas de una infección del tracto respiratorio superior:

• Fiebre
• Tos TOS Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a broad term used for a spectrum of syndromes related to the general region of the thoracic outlet, which involves the compression or irritation of elements of the brachial plexus, subclavian artery, or subclavian vein. Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
• Faringitis
• Rinitis

Enfermedad cutánea y mucosa

Herpangina Herpangina Acute types of coxsackievirus infections or echovirus infections that usually affect children during the summer and are characterized by vesiculoulcerative lesions on the mucous membranes of the throat; dysphagia; vomiting, and fever. Coxsackievirus:

• Lesiones vesiculares de la fosa amigdalina y paladar blando
• Fiebre
• Faringitis
• Odinofagia
• Cefalea

Los LOS Neisseria exantemas pueden ser:

• Maculopapular Maculopapular Dermatologic Examination
• Morbiliforme
• Petequial
• Papulopustuloso

Enfermedad neurológica

Meningitis Meningitis Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes of the brain, and spinal cord. The causes of meningitis are varied, with the most common being bacterial or viral infection. The classic presentation of meningitis is a triad of fever, altered mental status, and nuchal rigidity. Meningitis aséptica:

• Fiebre
• Cefalea
• Rigidez nucal

Encefalitis:

• Letargo
• Cambios de personalidad
• Paresia
• Convulsiones
• Coma Coma Coma is defined as a deep state of unarousable unresponsiveness, characterized by a score of 3 points on the GCS. A comatose state can be caused by a multitude of conditions, making the precise epidemiology and prognosis of coma difficult to determine. Coma

Otras manifestaciones neurológicas raras:

• Debilidad o parálisis muscular
• Síndorme de Guillain-Barré
• Mielitis transversa

Enfermedad cardiaca

La miopericarditis puede ocurrir en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum una minoría de pacientes.

• Fiebre
• Dolor Dolor Inflammation torácico
• Disnea

Enfermedad neonatal

Los LOS Neisseria recién nacidos pueden presentar una amplia gama de presentaciones, desde leves hasta potencialmente mortales.

Síntomas inespecíficos:

• Fiebre
• Anorexia Anorexia The lack or loss of appetite accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder anorexia nervosa. Anorexia Nervosa
• Languidez
• Dificultad respiratoria

Hepatitis fulminante:

• Ictericia
• Hipotensión
• Coagulopatía
• Fallo multiorgánico

Diagnóstico y Tratamiento

Diagnóstico

La mayoría de las infecciones se diagnostican según la presentación clínica. Es posible que se necesite un diagnóstico de laboratorio en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum infecciones graves.

• Cultivo viral
• PCR PCR Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique that amplifies DNA fragments exponentially for analysis. The process is highly specific, allowing for the targeting of specific genomic sequences, even with minuscule sample amounts. The PCR cycles multiple times through 3 phases: denaturation of the template DNA, annealing of a specific primer to the individual DNA strands, and synthesis/elongation of new DNA molecules. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
• La serología tiene un valor limitado.

Tratamiento

La mayoría de las infecciones por echovirus Echovirus Echoviruses are single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses belonging to the genus Enterovirus. Transmission is most commonly through the fecal-oral route. The majority of patients are asymptomatic. Patients who are symptomatic can exhibit a wide range of illnesses ranging from nonspecific URIs and exanthems to severe and life-threatening illnesses. Echovirus son autolimitantes y el tratamiento es en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum gran medida de soporte. Opciones terapéuticas no comprobadas que se pueden considerar para pacientes con enfermedades graves o inmunocomprometidos pueden incluir:

• Inmunoglobulina intravenosa
• Pleconaril Pleconaril Coxsackievirus
  • Antiviral Antiviral Antivirals for Hepatitis B
  • Raramente usado
  • No aprobado por la Food and Drug Administration (FDA, por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés)

Prevención

• Lavarse las manos ( los LOS Neisseria desinfectantes de manos a base de alcohol pueden no ser efectivos)
• Mantener condiciones de vida limpias
• Minimizar el contacto con personas infectadas

Comparación de Enterovirus

Diagnóstico Diferencial

• Infección por virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology respiratorio sincitial: una infección del tracto respiratorio inferior causada por un virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology de ARN monocatenario envuelto. La infección por virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology respiratorio sincitial se presenta con fiebre, tos TOS Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a broad term used for a spectrum of syndromes related to the general region of the thoracic outlet, which involves the compression or irritation of elements of the brachial plexus, subclavian artery, or subclavian vein. Thoracic Outlet Syndrome, sibilancias, taquipnea y crepitantes. El diagnóstico se realiza clínicamente. El tratamiento es de soporte.
• Infección por rhinovirus: infección causada por un virus de ARN de sentido positivo lábil a los ácidos de la familia Picornaviridae. Como los rhinovirus son inactivados por el ácido gástrico, solo pueden afectar la mucosa nasal y la conjuntiva, provocando edema de los tejidos subepiteliales. Una infección por rhinovirus se presenta como un “resfriado común” con síntomas leves de las vías respiratorias superiores. El diagnóstico es clínico y la enfermedad suele ser menor y autolimitada. El tratamiento es de soporte.
• Mononucleosis Mononucleosis Infectious mononucleosis (IM), also known as “the kissing disease,” is a highly contagious viral infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. Its common name is derived from its main method of transmission: the spread of infected saliva via kissing. Clinical manifestations of IM include fever, tonsillar pharyngitis, and lymphadenopathy. Mononucleosis infecciosa: enfermedad causada por el virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology Epstein-Barr que se caracteriza por fiebre, fatiga, linfadenopatía y faringitis. Las complicaciones pueden incluir neuropatía periférica, meningitis Meningitis Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes of the brain, and spinal cord. The causes of meningitis are varied, with the most common being bacterial or viral infection. The classic presentation of meningitis is a triad of fever, altered mental status, and nuchal rigidity. Meningitis viral, síndrome de Guillain-Barré y miocarditis. El diagnóstico se basa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las características clínicas y las pruebas, como una prueba de anticuerpos heterófilos positiva o serología. El tratamiento es de soporte.
• Meningitis Meningitis Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes of the brain, and spinal cord. The causes of meningitis are varied, with the most common being bacterial or viral infection. The classic presentation of meningitis is a triad of fever, altered mental status, and nuchal rigidity. Meningitis bacteriana: una infección aguda de las meninges Meninges The brain and the spinal cord are enveloped by 3 overlapping layers of connective tissue called the meninges. The layers are, from the most external layer to the most internal layer, the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. Between these layers are 3 potential spaces called the epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces. Meninges: Anatomy. Los LOS Neisseria pacientes se presentan con cefalea, fiebre, rigidez nucal y rápido deterioro clínico. Se realiza una punción lumbar para hacer el diagnóstico. A diferencia de los LOS Neisseria hallazgos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la meningitis Meningitis Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes of the brain, and spinal cord. The causes of meningitis are varied, with the most common being bacterial or viral infection. The classic presentation of meningitis is a triad of fever, altered mental status, and nuchal rigidity. Meningitis aséptica, los LOS Neisseria estudios de LCR muestran líquido turbio, niveles bajos de glucosa y recuento alto de leucocitos con predominio de neutrófilos. La tinción de Gram y el cultivo se utilizan para determinar las bacterias causantes. El tratamiento incluye antibióticos y corticosteroides.
• Infección por adenovirus Adenovirus Adenovirus (member of the family Adenoviridae) is a nonenveloped, double-stranded DNA virus. Adenovirus is transmitted in a variety of ways, and it can have various presentations based on the site of entry. Presentation can include febrile pharyngitis, conjunctivitis, acute respiratory disease, atypical pneumonia, and gastroenteritis. Adenovirus: un virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology de ADN bicatenario no envuelto que suele causar infecciones respiratorias leves; También pueden ocurrir conjuntivitis, neumonía atípica, gastroenteritis Gastroenteritis Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the stomach and intestines, commonly caused by infections from bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Transmission may be foodborne, fecal-oral, or through animal contact. Common clinical features include abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and dehydration. Gastroenteritis, meningoencefalitis y miocarditis. El diagnóstico es típicamente clínico, pero se puede realizar una prueba de PCR PCR Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique that amplifies DNA fragments exponentially for analysis. The process is highly specific, allowing for the targeting of specific genomic sequences, even with minuscule sample amounts. The PCR cycles multiple times through 3 phases: denaturation of the template DNA, annealing of a specific primer to the individual DNA strands, and synthesis/elongation of new DNA molecules. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) para confirmar el diagnóstico de enfermedad grave. El tratamiento es de soporte.
• Infección por el virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology del Nilo Occidental: una infección por un flavivirus Flavivirus A genus of flaviviridae containing several subgroups and many species. Most are arboviruses transmitted by mosquitoes or ticks. The type species is yellow fever virus. Tick-borne Encephalitis Virus. La mayoría de los LOS Neisseria pacientes estarán asintomáticos o cefalea, mialgias y artralgias, vómitos, diarrea o erupción cutánea. Una pequeña proporción de pacientes desarrolla encefalitis, meningitis Meningitis Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes of the brain, and spinal cord. The causes of meningitis are varied, with the most common being bacterial or viral infection. The classic presentation of meningitis is a triad of fever, altered mental status, and nuchal rigidity. Meningitis o parálisis flácida. El diagnóstico se puede realizar mediante serología, PCR PCR Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique that amplifies DNA fragments exponentially for analysis. The process is highly specific, allowing for the targeting of specific genomic sequences, even with minuscule sample amounts. The PCR cycles multiple times through 3 phases: denaturation of the template DNA, annealing of a specific primer to the individual DNA strands, and synthesis/elongation of new DNA molecules. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) y cultivos virales, que pueden diferenciar una infección por el virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology del Nilo Occidental de una infección por echovirus Echovirus Echoviruses are single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses belonging to the genus Enterovirus. Transmission is most commonly through the fecal-oral route. The majority of patients are asymptomatic. Patients who are symptomatic can exhibit a wide range of illnesses ranging from nonspecific URIs and exanthems to severe and life-threatening illnesses. Echovirus. El tratamiento es de soporte.
• Enfermedad de Lyme: una infección transmitida por garrapatas causada por la espiroqueta gramnegativa, Borrelia burgdorferi Borrelia burgdorferi A specific species of bacteria, part of the borrelia burgdorferi group, whose common name is lyme disease spirochete. Borrelia. La presentación de la enfermedad de Lyme puede variar según la etapa de la enfermedad y puede incluir el exantema característico por eritema migratorio (no presente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum una infección por echovirus Echovirus Echoviruses are single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses belonging to the genus Enterovirus. Transmission is most commonly through the fecal-oral route. The majority of patients are asymptomatic. Patients who are symptomatic can exhibit a wide range of illnesses ranging from nonspecific URIs and exanthems to severe and life-threatening illnesses. Echovirus). Las manifestaciones neurológicas, cardíacas, oculares y articulares también son comunes en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum etapas posteriores. El diagnóstico de la enfermedad de Lyme se basa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria hallazgos clínicos y la exposición a las garrapatas, y está respaldado por pruebas serológicas. Los LOS Neisseria antibióticos se utilizan para el tratamiento.
• Ehrlichiosis Ehrlichiosis Ehrlichiosis is a tick-borne bacterial infection. The most common causative species include Ehrlichia chaffeensis, which infect and multiply within monocytes. The clinical presentation can vary widely, but often includes fever, malaise, headache, myalgia, and arthralgias. Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis y anaplasmosis Anaplasmosis Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne bacterial infection. The most common causative species include Anaplasma phagocytophilum, which infect and multiply within granulocytes. The clinical presentation can vary widely, but often includes fever, malaise, headache, myalgia, and arthralgias. Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis: infecciones transmitidas por garrapatas causadas por Ehrlichia chaffeensis Ehrlichia chaffeensis A species of gram-negative bacteria that is the causative agent of human ehrlichiosis. This organism was first discovered at fort chaffee, arkansas, when blood samples from suspected human ehrlichiosis patients were studied. Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis y Anaplasma phagocytophilum Anaplasma phagocytophilum A species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus anaplasma, family anaplasmataceae, formerly called ehrlichia phagocytophila or ehrlichia equi. This organism is tick-borne (ixodes) and causes disease in horses and sheep. In humans, it causes human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis, respectivamente. Los LOS Neisseria síntomas de ehrlichiosis Ehrlichiosis Ehrlichiosis is a tick-borne bacterial infection. The most common causative species include Ehrlichia chaffeensis, which infect and multiply within monocytes. The clinical presentation can vary widely, but often includes fever, malaise, headache, myalgia, and arthralgias. Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis y anaplasmosis Anaplasmosis Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne bacterial infection. The most common causative species include Anaplasma phagocytophilum, which infect and multiply within granulocytes. The clinical presentation can vary widely, but often includes fever, malaise, headache, myalgia, and arthralgias. Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis incluyen fiebre, cefalea y malestar. La coagulación intravascular diseminada, la insuficiencia multiorgánica y el coma Coma Coma is defined as a deep state of unarousable unresponsiveness, characterized by a score of 3 points on the GCS. A comatose state can be caused by a multitude of conditions, making the precise epidemiology and prognosis of coma difficult to determine. Coma también pueden ocurrir con la enfermedad grave. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante PCR PCR Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique that amplifies DNA fragments exponentially for analysis. The process is highly specific, allowing for the targeting of specific genomic sequences, even with minuscule sample amounts. The PCR cycles multiple times through 3 phases: denaturation of the template DNA, annealing of a specific primer to the individual DNA strands, and synthesis/elongation of new DNA molecules. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). El tratamiento de ambas enfermedades es con doxiciclina.