Hemorragia Anteparto

La hemorragia anteparto se define como la hemorragia vaginal que ocurre después de las 20 semanas de gestación y no está relacionado con el trabajo de parto. Las causas más importantes son el desprendimiento prematuro de placenta Placenta A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (chorionic villi) derived from trophoblasts and a maternal portion (decidua) derived from the uterine endometrium. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (placental hormones). Placenta, Umbilical Cord, and Amniotic Cavity (más común), placenta previa Placenta Previa Abnormal placentation in which the placenta implants in the lower segment of the uterus (the zone of dilation) and may cover part or all of the opening of the cervix. It is often associated with serious antepartum bleeding and premature labor. Placental Abnormalities (2da más común), vasa previa Vasa previa Pregnancy complication where fetal blood vessels, normally inside the umbilical cord, are left unprotected and cross fetal membranes. It is associated with antepartum bleeding and fetal death and stillbirth due to exsanguination. Antepartum Hemorrhage y rotura uterina. El desprendimiento prematuro de placenta Placenta A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (chorionic villi) derived from trophoblasts and a maternal portion (decidua) derived from the uterine endometrium. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (placental hormones). Placenta, Umbilical Cord, and Amniotic Cavity y la rotura uterina se diagnostican clínicamente. La placenta previa Placenta Previa Abnormal placentation in which the placenta implants in the lower segment of the uterus (the zone of dilation) and may cover part or all of the opening of the cervix. It is often associated with serious antepartum bleeding and premature labor. Placental Abnormalities y la vasa previa Vasa previa Pregnancy complication where fetal blood vessels, normally inside the umbilical cord, are left unprotected and cross fetal membranes. It is associated with antepartum bleeding and fetal death and stillbirth due to exsanguination. Antepartum Hemorrhage generalmente se diagnostican como parte del tamizaje de rutina en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum un ultrasonido del 2do trimestre, y se deben evitar los LOS Neisseria tactos vaginales en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum estas mujeres. Todas estas afecciones pueden conducir a una hemorragia materna y/o fetal, lo que requiere un parto por cesárea de emergencia y reanimación materna y/o fetal.

Last updated: Dec 15, 2025

Editorial responsibility: Stanley Oiseth, Lindsay Jones, Evelin Maza

Contents

Descripción General

Desprendimiento Prematuro de Placenta

Placenta Previa

Vasa Previa

Rotura Uterina

Comparación de Diagnósticos

Referencias

Descripción General

Definición

La hemorragia anteparto se define como la hemorragia vaginal que ocurre después de las 20 semanas de gestación y no está relacionada con el trabajo de parto.

Epidemiología y etiología

Incidencia: ocurre en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum aproximadamente el 5% de los LOS Neisseria embarazos
Etiologías más frecuentes:
- Desprendimiento prematuro de placenta Placenta A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (chorionic villi) derived from trophoblasts and a maternal portion (decidua) derived from the uterine endometrium. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (placental hormones). Placenta, Umbilical Cord, and Amniotic Cavity: 30%
- Placenta previa Placenta Previa Abnormal placentation in which the placenta implants in the lower segment of the uterus (the zone of dilation) and may cover part or all of the opening of the cervix. It is often associated with serious antepartum bleeding and premature labor. Placental Abnormalities: 20%
La etiología no suele estar determinada.

**Tabla: Causas de hemorragia anteparto por localización**
Localización anatómica	Causas de hemorragia anteparto
Placenta Placenta A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (chorionic villi) derived from trophoblasts and a maternal portion (decidua) derived from the uterine endometrium. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (placental hormones). Placenta, Umbilical Cord, and Amniotic Cavity	Desprendimiento prematuro de placenta Placenta A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (chorionic villi) derived from trophoblasts and a maternal portion (decidua) derived from the uterine endometrium. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (placental hormones). Placenta, Umbilical Cord, and Amniotic Cavity* Placenta previa Placenta Previa Abnormal placentation in which the placenta implants in the lower segment of the uterus (the zone of dilation) and may cover part or all of the opening of the cervix. It is often associated with serious antepartum bleeding and premature labor. Placental Abnormalities* Vasa previa Vasa previa Pregnancy complication where fetal blood vessels, normally inside the umbilical cord, are left unprotected and cross fetal membranes. It is associated with antepartum bleeding and fetal death and stillbirth due to exsanguination. Antepartum Hemorrhage*
Útero	Rotura uterina*
Cuello uterino	“Espectáculo sangriento”: una pequeña cantidad de secreción de moco sanguinolento que a menudo precede al AL Amyloidosis trabajo de parto a medida que madura el cuello uterino Cervicitis Cervicitis Inflammation of the uterine cervix. Gonorrhea ETS: gonorrea, clamidia Secundaria a vaginitis: candidiasis Candidiasis Candida is a genus of dimorphic, opportunistic fungi. Candida albicans is part of the normal human flora and is the most common cause of candidiasis. The clinical presentation varies and can include localized mucocutaneous infections (e.g., oropharyngeal, esophageal, intertriginous, and vulvovaginal candidiasis) and invasive disease (e.g., candidemia, intraabdominal abscess, pericarditis, and meningitis). Candida/Candidiasis, vaginosis bacteriana Ectropión cervical: epitelio columnar cervical expuesto que es propenso a presentar hemorragia leve cuando se toca Pólipos Carcinoma
Vagina Vagina The vagina is the female genital canal, extending from the vulva externally to the cervix uteri internally. The structures have sexual, reproductive, and urinary functions and a rich blood supply, mainly arising from the internal iliac artery. Vagina, Vulva, and Pelvic Floor: Anatomy y vulva Vulva The vulva is the external genitalia of the female and includes the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibule, vestibular bulb, and greater vestibular glands. Vagina, Vulva, and Pelvic Floor: Anatomy	Varicosidades Vaginitis Laceraciones Carcinoma

*Causa obstétrica clínicamente importante.

Desprendimiento Prematuro de Placenta

Descripción general

El desprendimiento prematuro de placenta Placenta A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (chorionic villi) derived from trophoblasts and a maternal portion (decidua) derived from the uterine endometrium. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (placental hormones). Placenta, Umbilical Cord, and Amniotic Cavity es el desprendimiento prematuro completo o parcial de una placenta Placenta A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (chorionic villi) derived from trophoblasts and a maternal portion (decidua) derived from the uterine endometrium. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (placental hormones). Placenta, Umbilical Cord, and Amniotic Cavity normalmente implantada antes del nacimiento del bebé.

Relevancia clínica:

Con una placenta Placenta A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (chorionic villi) derived from trophoblasts and a maternal portion (decidua) derived from the uterine endometrium. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (placental hormones). Placenta, Umbilical Cord, and Amniotic Cavity desprendida:
- El bebé ya no puede obtener oxígeno.
- Ocurre hemorragia materna y fetal a través de la placenta Placenta A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (chorionic villi) derived from trophoblasts and a maternal portion (decidua) derived from the uterine endometrium. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (placental hormones). Placenta, Umbilical Cord, and Amniotic Cavity.
Una emergencia obstétrica que generalmente requiere un parto inmediato

Epidemiología

Incidencia: aproximadamente 2–10 por cada 1 000 nacimientos
Edad: más frecuente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum mujeres < 20 años o > 35 años de edad
Edad gestacional al AL Amyloidosis desprendimiento:
- A término: 60%
- 32–36 semanas: 25%
- < 32 semanas: 15%

Factores de riesgo

Desprendimiento prematuro previo (factor de riesgo más importante)
Hipertensión
- Preeclampsia Preeclampsia A complication of pregnancy, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal hypertension and proteinuria with or without pathological edema. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease. Hypertensive Pregnancy Disorders
- Hipertensión crónica mal controlada
Traumatismo en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el abdomen
Consumo de cocaína o tabaco
Descompresión rápida del útero
- Rotura de membranas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum un embarazo con polihidramnios
- Parto del 1er bebé en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum una gestación múltiple
Restricción del crecimiento fetal (puede sugerir un pequeño desprendimiento parcial crónico)
Anomalías uterinas
- Leiomiomas
- Útero bicorne

Etiología

Desconocida, pero probablemente relacionada con:
- Procesos de enfermedad placentaria crónica
- Anomalías en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el desarrollo de la vasculatura placentaria
Traumatismo abdominal directo (menos frecuente)

Fisiopatología

Rotura de los LOS Neisseria vasos maternos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la decidua basal → la acumulación de sangre divide la decidua → una capa delgada de decidua se separa con su inserción placentaria
La trombina es un agente uterotónico potente → la coagulación en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la decidua desencadena contracciones uterinas
Desprendimiento completo (o casi completo):
- Causado por hemorragia arterial de alta presión en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el centro de la placenta Placenta A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (chorionic villi) derived from trophoblasts and a maternal portion (decidua) derived from the uterine endometrium. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (placental hormones). Placenta, Umbilical Cord, and Amniotic Cavity
- Los LOS Neisseria síntomas evolucionan rápidamente → potencialmente mortal para el feto y la madre
Desprendimiento parcial:
- Causado por hemorragia venosa de baja presión, generalmente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la periferia de la placenta Placenta A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (chorionic villi) derived from trophoblasts and a maternal portion (decidua) derived from the uterine endometrium. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (placental hormones). Placenta, Umbilical Cord, and Amniotic Cavity
- A menudo autolimitado, con solo una pequeña área de separación
- Los síntomas evolucionan lentamente → puede conducir a un “desprendimiento crónico” durante el resto del embarazo

Presentación clínica

La hemorragia por el desprendimiento placentario puede ser externa con hemorragia vaginal visible (80%) u oculta (la sangre se acumula detrás de la placenta Placenta A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (chorionic villi) derived from trophoblasts and a maternal portion (decidua) derived from the uterine endometrium. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (placental hormones). Placenta, Umbilical Cord, and Amniotic Cavity) sin hemorragia vaginal (20%).

Hemorragia dolorosa:
- Dolor Dolor Inflammation abdominal y/o de espalda
- La hemorragia puede variar de leve a potencialmente mortal.
Contracciones (a menudo hipertónicas o de alta frecuencia)
Sensibilidad uterina
Sufrimiento fetal/disminución del movimiento fetal
Los LOS Neisseria desprendimientos parciales pequeños pueden ser menos dramáticos y presentarse con:
- Cantidades más pequeñas de hemorragia con el tiempo (desprendimientos crónicos)
- Oligohidramnios
- Restricción del crecimiento fetal intrauterino

Placental abruption — Desprendimiento prematuro de placenta:
Hemorragia externa versus oculta
Imagen por Lecturio.

Diagnóstico

El diagnóstico del desprendimiento prematuro de placenta Placenta A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (chorionic villi) derived from trophoblasts and a maternal portion (decidua) derived from the uterine endometrium. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (placental hormones). Placenta, Umbilical Cord, and Amniotic Cavity es generalmente clínico, basado en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria antecedentes, el examen físico y la monitorización fetal.

Prueba fetal sin estrés:
- Mide la frecuencia cardíaca fetal y las contracciones uterinas (tocometría)
- Se utiliza para evaluar el estado fetal
- Signos de sufrimiento fetal:
  - Bradicardia fetal
  - ↓ Variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca
  - Desaceleraciones tardías
- Tocometría: contracciones frecuentes y/o hipertónicas
Ultrasonido:
- Excluye placenta previa Placenta Previa Abnormal placentation in which the placenta implants in the lower segment of the uterus (the zone of dilation) and may cover part or all of the opening of the cervix. It is often associated with serious antepartum bleeding and premature labor. Placental Abnormalities
- Puede mostrar un hematoma Hematoma A collection of blood outside the blood vessels. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue. Intussusception retroplacentario
- Baja sensibilidad, pero especificidad aceptable
Laboratorio: útil en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el tratamiento de la reanimación aguda más que en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el diagnóstico del desprendimiento en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum sí
- Prueba de tipaje sanguíneo y compatibilidad cruzada (para preparar una potencial transfusión)
- Hemograma → evalúa el grado de anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types
- Panel de coagulación:
  - TP/índice internacional normalizado (INR, por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés), TTP TTP Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a life-threatening condition due to either a congenital or an acquired deficiency of adamts-13, a metalloproteinase that cleaves multimers of von Willebrand factor (vWF). The large multimers then aggregate excessive platelets resulting in microvascular thrombosis and an increase in consumption of platelets. Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura activado
  - Fibrinógeno → evalúa la CID
- Prueba de Kleihauer-Betke: puede detectar eritrocitos fetales en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la circulación materna indicando hemorragia fetal → posibilidad de isoinmunización

Tratamiento

Desprendimiento severo:
- Individuos con CID, shock Shock Shock is a life-threatening condition associated with impaired circulation that results in tissue hypoxia. The different types of shock are based on the underlying cause: distributive (↑ cardiac output (CO), ↓ systemic vascular resistance (SVR)), cardiogenic (↓ CO, ↑ SVR), hypovolemic (↓ CO, ↑ SVR), obstructive (↓ CO), and mixed. Types of Shock hipovolémico o estado fetal no tranquilizador
- Paso 1: estabilización
  - Evaluación y manejo (según sea necesario) de la vía aérea y respiración (e.g., administrar O₂ suplementario)
  - Establecer 2 vías intravenosas de gran calibre.
  - Iniciar fluidos intravenosos.
  - Transfundir hemoderivados según sea necesario.
- Paso 2: parto por cesárea de emergencia
Desprendimiento leve o crónico:
- Monitorizar y observar a la madre para asegurarse de que el desprendimiento se mantenga estable.
- Evaluaciones frecuentes del bienestar fetal
- Corticosteroides (betametasona) para la madurez pulmonar fetal en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum bebés prematuros
- El parto depende de la edad gestacional en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el momento de la presentación. Interrumpir el embarazo si:
  - Se presenta a término
  - Descompensación de la madre o del bebé
Administrar inmunoglobulina anti-D (para prevenir la isoinmunización) a:
- Todas las madres Rh negativas que permanecen embarazadas
- Madres Rh negativas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el posparto con bebés Rh positivos

Complicaciones

Complicaciones maternas:
- CID
- Insuficiencia renal
- Síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda
- Histerectomía periparto
- Isoinmunización: las madres con Rh negativo desarrollan anticuerpos anti-Rho(D) que pueden atacar a un futuro feto Rh positivo.
- Complicaciones asociadas con las transfusiones de sangre
- Mayor riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular más adelante en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la vida
Complicaciones fetales:
- Complicaciones de la hipoxemia (e.g., deterioro neurológico)
- Complicaciones de la prematuridad (e.g., dificultad respiratoria, hemorragia intraventricular, retinopatía del prematuro)
- Restricción del crecimiento fetal (desprendimiento parcial crónico)

Placenta Previa

Descripción general

Definiciones:

Placenta previa Placenta Previa Abnormal placentation in which the placenta implants in the lower segment of the uterus (the zone of dilation) and may cover part or all of the opening of the cervix. It is often associated with serious antepartum bleeding and premature labor. Placental Abnormalities: la placenta Placenta A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (chorionic villi) derived from trophoblasts and a maternal portion (decidua) derived from the uterine endometrium. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (placental hormones). Placenta, Umbilical Cord, and Amniotic Cavity se implanta en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el segmento uterino inferior y cubre el orificio cervical interno.
Placenta Placenta A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (chorionic villi) derived from trophoblasts and a maternal portion (decidua) derived from the uterine endometrium. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (placental hormones). Placenta, Umbilical Cord, and Amniotic Cavity de inserción baja: el borde de la placenta Placenta A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (chorionic villi) derived from trophoblasts and a maternal portion (decidua) derived from the uterine endometrium. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (placental hormones). Placenta, Umbilical Cord, and Amniotic Cavity está a < 2 cm del orificio interno (pero sin cubrirlo; se trata de la misma manera que la placenta previa Placenta Previa Abnormal placentation in which the placenta implants in the lower segment of the uterus (the zone of dilation) and may cover part or all of the opening of the cervix. It is often associated with serious antepartum bleeding and premature labor. Placental Abnormalities)
Placenta previa “marginal” y “parcial” son términos más antiguos que deben evitarse.

Relevancia clínica:

A medida que el cuello uterino se dilata debajo de la placenta Placenta A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (chorionic villi) derived from trophoblasts and a maternal portion (decidua) derived from the uterine endometrium. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (placental hormones). Placenta, Umbilical Cord, and Amniotic Cavity, fuerzas de cizallamiento resultan en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum un desprendimiento de la placenta Placenta A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (chorionic villi) derived from trophoblasts and a maternal portion (decidua) derived from the uterine endometrium. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (placental hormones). Placenta, Umbilical Cord, and Amniotic Cavity sobre y alrededor del orificio cervical interno → hemorragia (pérdida de sangre tanto materna como fetal)
Nunca realice un tacto vaginal del cuello uterino en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum una mujer con placenta previa Placenta Previa Abnormal placentation in which the placenta implants in the lower segment of the uterus (the zone of dilation) and may cover part or all of the opening of the cervix. It is often associated with serious antepartum bleeding and premature labor. Placental Abnormalities; clavará su dedo en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la placenta Placenta A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (chorionic villi) derived from trophoblasts and a maternal portion (decidua) derived from the uterine endometrium. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (placental hormones). Placenta, Umbilical Cord, and Amniotic Cavity y causará una hemorragia severa.

Placenta previa — Localización de la placenta en la placenta previa
Imagen por Lecturio.

Epidemiología

Prevalencia: 4 por cada 1 000 nacimientos
En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum hasta el 2% de las mujeres, un ultrasonido del 2do trimestre mostrará placenta previa Placenta Previa Abnormal placentation in which the placenta implants in the lower segment of the uterus (the zone of dilation) and may cover part or all of the opening of the cervix. It is often associated with serious antepartum bleeding and premature labor. Placental Abnormalities.
Aproximadamente el 90% de las placentas previas identificadas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum < 20 semanas se resuelven con el parto.
- El segmento uterino inferior se alarga desde 0,5 cm a las 20 semanas hasta más de 5 cm al AL Amyloidosis término.
- Este alargamiento “mueve” la placenta Placenta A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (chorionic villi) derived from trophoblasts and a maternal portion (decidua) derived from the uterine endometrium. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (placental hormones). Placenta, Umbilical Cord, and Amniotic Cavity lejos del orificio.
Es poco probable que la placenta previa Placenta Previa Abnormal placentation in which the placenta implants in the lower segment of the uterus (the zone of dilation) and may cover part or all of the opening of the cervix. It is often associated with serious antepartum bleeding and premature labor. Placental Abnormalities completa se resuelva cuando ≥ 2,5 cm cubre el orificio cervical interno en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el 2do trimestre.

Factores de riesgo

Factores de riesgo más importantes:
- Antecedente de placenta previa Placenta Previa Abnormal placentation in which the placenta implants in the lower segment of the uterus (the zone of dilation) and may cover part or all of the opening of the cervix. It is often associated with serious antepartum bleeding and premature labor. Placental Abnormalities
- Cesárea previa (aumenta el riesgo con cada cesárea adicional)
- Gestación múltiple
Otros factores de riesgo:
- Legrado previo
- Abortos previos o recurrentes
- Tratamiento para la infertilidad
- Edad materna avanzada (> 35 años)
- Multiparidad
- Anomalía estructural uterina
- Tabaquismo
- Consumo de cocaína

Presentación clínica

Hemorragia vaginal indolora
Sufrimiento fetal
Generalmente asintomático hasta que la dilatación cervical comienza después de las 30 semanas

Diagnóstico

Ultrasonido transvaginal:
- Muestra la placenta Placenta A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (chorionic villi) derived from trophoblasts and a maternal portion (decidua) derived from the uterine endometrium. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (placental hormones). Placenta, Umbilical Cord, and Amniotic Cavity cerca o cubriendo el orificio cervical
- Generalmente, se diagnostica en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum un ultrasonido de rutina del 2do trimestre
- La evaluación de la localización de la placenta Placenta A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (chorionic villi) derived from trophoblasts and a maternal portion (decidua) derived from the uterine endometrium. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (placental hormones). Placenta, Umbilical Cord, and Amniotic Cavity es una parte recomendada de la atención obstétrica de rutina.
Evaluar el bienestar fetal con una prueba sin estrés o monitorización fetal periódico
Evitar los LOS Neisseria tactos vaginales en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum una mujer con placenta previa Placenta Previa Abnormal placentation in which the placenta implants in the lower segment of the uterus (the zone of dilation) and may cover part or all of the opening of the cervix. It is often associated with serious antepartum bleeding and premature labor. Placental Abnormalities.

Placenta previa en ultrasonido — Ultrasonido transabdominal que muestra placenta previa
P = placenta
CX = cérvix (cuello uterino)
Imagen: “Placenta previa” por Haiyan Yu et al. Licencia: CC BY 4.0

Tratamiento

Todas las pacientes con placenta previa Placenta Previa Abnormal placentation in which the placenta implants in the lower segment of the uterus (the zone of dilation) and may cover part or all of the opening of the cervix. It is often associated with serious antepartum bleeding and premature labor. Placental Abnormalities deben tener un parto por cesárea.
Tratamiento prenatal asintomático:
- Reposo pélvico (nada en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la vagina Vagina The vagina is the female genital canal, extending from the vulva externally to the cervix uteri internally. The structures have sexual, reproductive, and urinary functions and a rich blood supply, mainly arising from the internal iliac artery. Vagina, Vulva, and Pelvic Floor: Anatomy, ninguna actividad sexual que pueda provocar un orgasmo)
- Evitar el ejercicio extenuante y el levantamiento de objetos pesados
- Monitorizar la localización de la placenta Placenta A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (chorionic villi) derived from trophoblasts and a maternal portion (decidua) derived from the uterine endometrium. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (placental hormones). Placenta, Umbilical Cord, and Amniotic Cavity con ultrasonidos seriados
- Planificar el parto a las 36‒38 semanas, antes del inicio del trabajo de parto.
- Cuando se requiera un examen, se realiza una evaluación visual solamente con espéculo
Si hay hemorragia:
- Evaluar la estabilidad hemodinámica de la madre → reanimar si es necesario
- Monitorización fetal continua
- Corticosteroides para la madurez pulmonar del feto (si no hay parto de emergencia)
- Inmunoglobulina anti-D para madres Rh negativas
- Indicaciones para el parto (independientemente de la edad gestacional):
  - Trabajo de parto activo
  - Monitorización fetal no tranquilizadora
  - Hemorragia continua y/o inestabilidad hemodinámica
- Si la hemorragia es leve y se resuelve, la observación puede ser una opción.

Vasa Previa

Descripción general

Definiciones:

Vasa previa Vasa previa Pregnancy complication where fetal blood vessels, normally inside the umbilical cord, are left unprotected and cross fetal membranes. It is associated with antepartum bleeding and fetal death and stillbirth due to exsanguination. Antepartum Hemorrhage: los LOS Neisseria vasos fetales atraviesan el orificio cervical interno.
Cordón velamentoso: porción del cordón umbilical que carece de la gelatina de Wharton protectora cerca del sitio de inserción de la placenta Placenta A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (chorionic villi) derived from trophoblasts and a maternal portion (decidua) derived from the uterine endometrium. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (placental hormones). Placenta, Umbilical Cord, and Amniotic Cavity, lo que hace HACE Altitude Sickness que el cordón sea propenso a romperse:
- Conocidos como “vasos membranosos” porque están unidos al AL Amyloidosis corion
- La longitud del cordón sin protección puede ser de varios centímetros de largo

Significado clínico:

Un tacto vaginal puede romper estos vasos, causando exanguinación fetal en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum cuestión de minutos.
La rotura de membranas puede romper los LOS Neisseria vasos.
Estos vasos también pueden ser comprimidos por la cabeza fetal, provocando sufrimiento fetal.

Vasa previa:
A la izquierda, los vasos del cordón umbilical discurren directamente sobre el orificio cervical interno (vasa previa) y carecen de la gelatina de Wharton protectora (inserción velamentosa del cordón). A la derecha, los vasos de la vasa previa discurren hacia un lóbulo accesorio de la placenta; los vasos también carecen de gelatina de Wharton.
Imagen por Lecturio.

Epidemiología

Prevalencia:
- Cordón velamentoso:
  - 1% de gestaciones de feto único
  - Hasta el 15% de las gestaciones gemelares monocoriónicas
- Vasa previa Vasa previa Pregnancy complication where fetal blood vessels, normally inside the umbilical cord, are left unprotected and cross fetal membranes. It is associated with antepartum bleeding and fetal death and stillbirth due to exsanguination. Antepartum Hemorrhage:
  - 1 en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum 1500 partos
  - Hasta 1 de cada 200 en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum embarazos concebidos por fecundación in vitro
Factores de riesgo:
- Lóbulos placentarios accesorios (succenturiata)
- Gestación múltiple
- Placenta previa Placenta Previa Abnormal placentation in which the placenta implants in the lower segment of the uterus (the zone of dilation) and may cover part or all of the opening of the cervix. It is often associated with serious antepartum bleeding and premature labor. Placental Abnormalities
- Inserción velamentosa del cordón
- Fertilización in vitro

Presentación clínica

Hemorragia vaginal indolora (a menudo después de la rotura de membranas)
Sufrimiento fetal
- Hemorragia del feto (volúmenes de sangre mucho menores)
- Anomalías cardíacas fetales, incluyendo las de patrón sinusoidal (indicando anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types fetal severa)
- Muerte fetal debido a exanguinación (puede ocurrir en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum minutos)
En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum comparación con la placenta previa Placenta Previa Abnormal placentation in which the placenta implants in the lower segment of the uterus (the zone of dilation) and may cover part or all of the opening of the cervix. It is often associated with serious antepartum bleeding and premature labor. Placental Abnormalities, la vasa previa Vasa previa Pregnancy complication where fetal blood vessels, normally inside the umbilical cord, are left unprotected and cross fetal membranes. It is associated with antepartum bleeding and fetal death and stillbirth due to exsanguination. Antepartum Hemorrhage generalmente persiste durante todo el embarazo.
Las mujeres suelen ser asintomáticas hasta la dilatación cervical o rotura debido a un traumatismo mecánico.

Diagnóstico

Ultrasonido transvaginal con Doppler Doppler Ultrasonography applying the doppler effect, with frequency-shifted ultrasound reflections produced by moving targets (usually red blood cells) in the bloodstream along the ultrasound axis in direct proportion to the velocity of movement of the targets, to determine both direction and velocity of blood flow. Ultrasound (Sonography):
- Muestra los LOS Neisseria vasos fetales que atraviesan el orificio cervical interno
- La evaluación de los LOS Neisseria vasos del cordón umbilical y el sitio de inserción alrededor de las 20 semanas es un elemento recomendado de la atención prenatal de rutina.
Evitar el tacto vaginal en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum una mujer con vasa previa Vasa previa Pregnancy complication where fetal blood vessels, normally inside the umbilical cord, are left unprotected and cross fetal membranes. It is associated with antepartum bleeding and fetal death and stillbirth due to exsanguination. Antepartum Hemorrhage.

Ultrasonido doppler de vasa previa — Ultrasonido transvaginal que muestra vasa previa:
El Doppler color muestra sangre fluyendo a través de la vasa previa sobre el orificio cervical interno. El canal cervical está marcado con asteriscos amarillos en cada extremo.
Imagen: “*Doppler ultrasound of vasa previa” por Division of Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Boston IVF, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA*. Licencia: CC BY 3.0

Tratamiento

Parto por cesárea.
Tratamiento prenatal asintomático:
- Reposo pélvico
- Corticosteroides para maduración pulmonar fetal (típicamente entre las 28‒32 semanas)
- Observación intrahospitalaria con monitorización fetal diaria a partir de las 30‒34 semanas
- Planificar el parto a las 34‒37 semanas, antes del inicio del trabajo de parto.
- Cuando se requiera un examen, se realiza una evaluación visual solamente con espéculo
Indicaciones de parto por cesárea de emergencia:
- Trabajo de parto
- Rotura de membranas
- Monitorización fetal no tranquilizadora
- Hemorragia vaginal con taquicardia fetal

Rotura Uterina

Definición

La rotura uterina es una interrupción clínicamente significativa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum todas las capas del útero, generalmente a través de una cicatriz uterina previa.

Epidemiología

Incidencia en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum personas con cesárea previa:
- Mujeres que intentan trabajo de parto después de una cesárea: 0,5%
- Mujeres con una cesárea previa que repiten el parto por cesárea: 0,03%
Incidencia en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum individuos sin cicatriz uterina previa:
- Rara
- Estimada en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum 1 por cada 20 000 embarazos
Tasa de muerte perinatal asociada con rotura uterina: 5%–25%

Factores de riesgo

Incisión uterina previa:
- Cesárea previa (más común)
- Incisión uterina clásica (alta vertical o fúndica) (mayor riesgo)
- Miomectomía de fibromas intramurales grandes
Mujeres que intentan trabajo de parto después de una cesárea
Inducción y aceleración del trabajo de parto (estimulación excesiva con oxitocina)

Presentación clínica

Dolor Dolor Inflammation abdominal (a menudo intenso y de inicio repentino)
Hemorragia vaginal (puede ser leve si la mayor parte de la sangre se pierde por vía intraabdominal)
Patrones de frecuencia cardíaca fetal no tranquilizadores:
- Bradicardia
- Desaceleraciones tardías
- Variabilidad mínima o nula de la frecuencia cardíaca fetal
Pérdida del tono uterino
Pérdida repentina del encajamiento de la parte fetal que se presenta
Inestabilidad hemodinámica materna
Puede diagnosticarse en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el postparto tras un intento de trabajo de parto después de una cesárea con una hemorragia posparto que no responde a los LOS Neisseria agentes uterotónicos

Diagnóstico

El diagnóstico es clínico, basado en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la presentación y los LOS Neisseria factores de riesgo.
El diagnóstico se confirma por laparotomía.

Tratamiento

El sufrimiento fetal y materno significativo generalmente requiere acción inmediata:
- Parto por cesárea de emergencia inmediato
- Estabilización simultánea de la madre con fluidos intravenosos y hemoderivados, según sea necesario
Reparación quirúrgica de la rotura uterina, después del parto del bebé y estabilización materna
Histerectomía (último recurso en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum casos de hemorragia persistente y/o útero irreparable)

fotografía de ruptura uterina — Rotura uterina:
Esta mujer se ha sometido a una laparotomía a través de una incisión vertical en la línea media. Dentro de la cavidad abdominal, se observa un saco amniótico abultado a través de un gran defecto en la pared uterina anterior.
Imagen: “*Silent uterine rupture” por Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Michigan State University/Sparrow Hospital, Lansing*. MI 48912, USA. Licencia: CC BY 3.0

Comparación de Diagnósticos

**Tabla: Comparación de las causas de hemorragia anteparto**
Afección	Presentación típica	Factores de riesgo importantes	Tratamiento típico
Desprendimiento prematuro de placenta Placenta A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (chorionic villi) derived from trophoblasts and a maternal portion (decidua) derived from the uterine endometrium. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (placental hormones). Placenta, Umbilical Cord, and Amniotic Cavity	Hemorragia dolorosa Contracciones Estado fetal poco tranquilizador	Hipertensión Descompresión uterina rápida Traumatismo Consumo de cocaína o tabaco	Parto de emergencia
Placenta previa Placenta Previa Abnormal placentation in which the placenta implants in the lower segment of the uterus (the zone of dilation) and may cover part or all of the opening of the cervix. It is often associated with serious antepartum bleeding and premature labor. Placental Abnormalities	Hemorragia indolora O asintomática	Antecedente de placenta previa Placenta Previa Abnormal placentation in which the placenta implants in the lower segment of the uterus (the zone of dilation) and may cover part or all of the opening of the cervix. It is often associated with serious antepartum bleeding and premature labor. Placental Abnormalities Antecedente de parto por cesárea Gestación múltiple	No realizar tactos vaginales Descanso pélvico Parto en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum caso de hemorragia o a las 36‒38 semanas.
Vasa previa Vasa previa Pregnancy complication where fetal blood vessels, normally inside the umbilical cord, are left unprotected and cross fetal membranes. It is associated with antepartum bleeding and fetal death and stillbirth due to exsanguination. Antepartum Hemorrhage	Hemorragia indolora O asintomática	Lóbulo placentario accesorio Placenta previa Placenta Previa Abnormal placentation in which the placenta implants in the lower segment of the uterus (the zone of dilation) and may cover part or all of the opening of the cervix. It is often associated with serious antepartum bleeding and premature labor. Placental Abnormalities actual Gestación múltiple Cordón velamentoso	No realizar tactos vaginales Descanso pélvico Parto en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum caso de hemorragia o a las 34–37 semanas.
Rotura uterina	Hemorragia dolorosa Pérdida del encajamiento fetal Estado fetal poco tranquilizador	Antecedente de incisión uterina previa (especialmente incisiones verticales o fúndicas) Intento de trabajo de parto después de una cesárea Inducción del trabajo de parto	Parto de emergencia Reparación quirúrgica de la rotura

Referencias

Ananth, C. V., & Kinzler, W. L. (2024). Acute placental abruption: Pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and consequences. UpToDate. Retrieved September 29, 2025, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-placental-abruption-pathophysiology-clinical-features-diagnosis-and-consequences
Deering, S. (2025). Abruptio placentae. Medscape. Retrieved September 29, 2025, from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/252810-overview
Lockwood, C.J. (2025). Placenta previa: Epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, morbidity, and mortality. UpToDate. Retrieved September 29, 2025, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/placenta-previa-epidemiology-clinical-features-diagnosis-morbidity-and-mortality
Bakker, R. (2024). Placenta previa. Medscape. Retrieved September 29, 2025, from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/262063-overview#a4
Anderson-Bagg, F. (2023). Placenta previa. StatPearls. Retrieved September 29, 2025, from https://www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/viewarticle/27262/
Lockwood, C.J. (2024). Velamentous umbilical cord insertion and vasa previa. UpToDate. Retrieved September 29, 2025, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/velamentous-umbilical-cord-insertion-and-vasa-previa
Frey, H., & Landon, M. B. (2024). Uterine rupture after previous cesarean birth: Prediction, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management, and outcome. UpToDate. Retrieved September 29, 2025, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/uterine-rupture-after-previous-cesarean-birth-prediction-clinical-manifestations-diagnosis-management-and-outcome

Domina Conceptos Médicos

Estudia para la escuela de medicina y tus examenes con Lecturio.

Descripción General

Definición

Epidemiología y etiología

Related videos

Desprendimiento Prematuro de Placenta

Descripción general

Epidemiología

Factores de riesgo

Etiología

Fisiopatología

Presentación clínica

Diagnóstico

Tratamiento

Complicaciones

Placenta Previa

Descripción general

Epidemiología

Factores de riesgo

Presentación clínica

Diagnóstico

Tratamiento

Vasa Previa

Descripción general

Epidemiología

Presentación clínica

Diagnóstico

Tratamiento

Rotura Uterina

Definición

Epidemiología

Factores de riesgo

Presentación clínica

Diagnóstico

Tratamiento

Comparación de Diagnósticos

Referencias

Lecturio

Apoyo

Instituciones

Recursos

Síguenos

¡Crea tu cuenta gratis o inicia una sesión para seguir leyendo!

User Reviews

Details

Obtenga Medical Premium para poner a prueba sus conocimientos

Obtenga Premium para ver todos los vídeos

Obtenga Medical Premium para poner a prueba sus conocimientos