Virus de la Influenza/Gripe

Clasificación

Características Generales

Estructura y características básicas

El virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology de la influenza Influenza Influenza viruses are members of the Orthomyxoviridae family and the causative organisms of influenza, a highly contagious febrile respiratory disease. There are 3 primary influenza viruses (A, B, and C) and various subtypes, which are classified based on their virulent surface antigens, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Influenza typically presents with a fever, myalgia, headache, and symptoms of an upper respiratory infection. Influenza Viruses/Influenza es un miembro de la familia Orthomyxoviridae Orthomyxoviridae A family of RNA viruses causing influenza and other diseases. There are five recognized genera: influenzavirus a; influenzavirus b; influenzavirus c; isavirus; and thogotovirus. Influenza Viruses/Influenza.

• Cápside: grande, envuelta, helicoidal
• Genoma:
  • ARN monocatenario
    • Lineal
    • Sentido negativo
    • Segmentado: 8 segmentos
  • Transporta ARN polimerasa dependiente de ARN
  • Se replica dentro del núcleo
• Proteínas virales:
  • Glicoproteínas virulentas de la envoltura:
    • Hemaglutinina: se adhiere a los LOS Neisseria receptores de ácido siálico en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las células epiteliales respiratorias
    • Neuraminidasa: separa los LOS Neisseria viriones recién formados del receptor Receptor Receptors are proteins located either on the surface of or within a cell that can bind to signaling molecules known as ligands (e.g., hormones) and cause some type of response within the cell. Receptors de ácido siálico, lo que permite que el virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology salga de las células
  • Proteína M1: ensamblaje de viriones
  • Proteína M2: implicada en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la desenvoltura viral dentro de las células epiteliales respiratorias
  • Nucleoproteína: ayuda a distinguir entre los LOS Neisseria 3 tipos de virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology de la influenza Influenza Influenza viruses are members of the Orthomyxoviridae family and the causative organisms of influenza, a highly contagious febrile respiratory disease. There are 3 primary influenza viruses (A, B, and C) and various subtypes, which are classified based on their virulent surface antigens, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Influenza typically presents with a fever, myalgia, headache, and symptoms of an upper respiratory infection. Influenza Viruses/Influenza (A, B y C)

Especies clínicamente relevantes y enfermedades

Los LOS Neisseria virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology de la influenza Influenza Influenza viruses are members of the Orthomyxoviridae family and the causative organisms of influenza, a highly contagious febrile respiratory disease. There are 3 primary influenza viruses (A, B, and C) and various subtypes, which are classified based on their virulent surface antigens, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Influenza typically presents with a fever, myalgia, headache, and symptoms of an upper respiratory infection. Influenza Viruses/Influenza causan una enfermedad respiratoria febril conocida como influenza Influenza Influenza viruses are members of the Orthomyxoviridae family and the causative organisms of influenza, a highly contagious febrile respiratory disease. There are 3 primary influenza viruses (A, B, and C) and various subtypes, which are classified based on their virulent surface antigens, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Influenza typically presents with a fever, myalgia, headache, and symptoms of an upper respiratory infection. Influenza Viruses/Influenza.
Hay 3 especies distintas del virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology clínicamente relevantes:

• Virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology de la influenza A Influenza A Antivirals for Influenza
• Virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology de la influenza Influenza Influenza viruses are members of the Orthomyxoviridae family and the causative organisms of influenza, a highly contagious febrile respiratory disease. There are 3 primary influenza viruses (A, B, and C) and various subtypes, which are classified based on their virulent surface antigens, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Influenza typically presents with a fever, myalgia, headache, and symptoms of an upper respiratory infection. Influenza Viruses/Influenza B
• Virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology de la influenza Influenza Influenza viruses are members of the Orthomyxoviridae family and the causative organisms of influenza, a highly contagious febrile respiratory disease. There are 3 primary influenza viruses (A, B, and C) and various subtypes, which are classified based on their virulent surface antigens, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Influenza typically presents with a fever, myalgia, headache, and symptoms of an upper respiratory infection. Influenza Viruses/Influenza C

Epidemiología

Epidemiología

• A nivel mundial:
  • 3–5 millones de casos de enfermedad grave al AL Amyloidosis año
  • 250 000–500 000 muertes al AL Amyloidosis año
  • Tasa de mortalidad: 4–8 por 100 000 al AL Amyloidosis año
• Tasas más altas entre individuos < 5 años y > 64 años de edad
• Más propensos a infectarse: niños (aproximadamente el 9% desarrolla influenza Influenza Influenza viruses are members of the Orthomyxoviridae family and the causative organisms of influenza, a highly contagious febrile respiratory disease. There are 3 primary influenza viruses (A, B, and C) and various subtypes, which are classified based on their virulent surface antigens, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Influenza typically presents with a fever, myalgia, headache, and symptoms of an upper respiratory infection. Influenza Viruses/Influenza sintomática anualmente)
• Más probable que desarrolle una enfermedad grave:
  • Niños
  • Ancianos
  • Mujeres embarazadas
• La mortalidad es más alta entre ancianos y personas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum países menos desarrollados:
  • 20–220 por 100 000 en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum pacientes ≥ 75 años
  • 4–40 por 100 000 en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum pacientes de 65–74 años
  • 0,1–6 por 100 000 en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum pacientes < 65 años
• Estacionalidad:
  • Climas templados: epidemia anual
    • Comienza en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el otoño
    • Alcanza su pico a mediados de febrero
    • Termina a finales de la primavera
  • Zonas tropicales: continuamente presente

Brotes, epidemias y pandemias

• Brotes:
  • Una sola cepa viral ingresa a una sola comunidad → brote local
  • Comienza abruptamente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria meses de otoño o invierno
  • Alcanza su pico alrededor de las 2–3 semanas y dura 5–6 semanas
• Epidemias: debido a la deriva antigénica
  • Cambios menores en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el ARN, creando nuevos sitios antigénicos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las espículas de hemaglutinina y/o neuraminidasa
  • Ocurren debido a la falta de mecanismos de verificación de errores dentro de la ARN polimerasa viral
  • Se desarrolla una inmunidad gradual en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la población.
  • La gravedad de la epidemia anual depende del grado de deriva antigénica.
• Pandemias: debido al AL Amyloidosis cambio antigénico
  • Cambios radicales en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las espículas de hemaglutinina y/o neuraminidasa
  • La mezcla y el reordenamiento de diferentes segmentos del genoma viral ocurren dentro de un huésped intermedio (a menudo un animal) infectado simultáneamente con múltiples cepas.
  • Da como resultado una cepa viral completamente nueva en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum humanos
  • Toda la población tiene una inmunidad previa limitada o nula.

Patogénesis

Reservorios

• Humanos
• Porcinos (cerdos)
• Aves
• Caballos
• Mamíferos marinos

Transmisión

• Transmisión:
  • Gotículas respiratorias:
    • Aerosoles (permanecen suspendidos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el aire durante horas)
    • Fómites
  • Contacto directo con una persona infectada
  • Contacto directo con animales infectados (menos común, menor transmisión de animales a humanos)
• Período de incubación: 1–4 días
• Diseminación viral:
  • Comienza con la aparición de los LOS Neisseria síntomas o justo antes (0–24 horas)
  • Dura de 5–10 días
  • Los LOS Neisseria niños y las personas inmunocomprometidas tienden a propagar el virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology por más tiempo.

Factores de riesgo del huésped para la enfermedad grave

• Enfermedad cardiovascular (e.g., insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva)
• Enfermedad respiratoria (e.g., asma ASMA Autoimmune Hepatitis)
• Enfermedad metabólica crónica (e.g., diabetes Diabetes Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia and dysfunction of the regulation of glucose metabolism by insulin. Type 1 DM is diagnosed mostly in children and young adults as the result of autoimmune destruction of β cells in the pancreas and the resulting lack of insulin. Type 2 DM has a significant association with obesity and is characterized by insulin resistance. Diabetes Mellitus mellitus)
• Disfunción renal
• Inmunosupresión
• Embarazo
• Obesidad

Proceso/fisiopatología de la enfermedad

1. Las partículas virales suspendidas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum gotículas respiratorias ingresan al AL Amyloidosis tracto respiratorio superior de un nuevo huésped.
2. La espícula de hemaglutinina se adhiere a los LOS Neisseria receptores de ácido siálico en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la pared de las células epiteliales respiratorias.
3. El virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology es internalizado en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum un endosoma (endocitosis mediada por receptores).
4. La proteína M2 actúa como un canal de iones que permite la entrada de iones de hidrógeno (H⁺) en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el endosoma.
5. El virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology se desenvuelve y libera ARN viral en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el citoplasma celular.
6. Los LOS Neisseria segmentos de genes Genes A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms. DNA Types and Structure virales se mueven hacia el núcleo.
7. Se sintetiza el ARN mensajero viral.
8. Las proteínas virales son sintetizadas por ribosomas celulares.
9. Las copias virales se ensamblan en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la superficie celular.
10. La neuraminidasa escinde el virión del receptor Receptor Receptors are proteins located either on the surface of or within a cell that can bind to signaling molecules known as ligands (e.g., hormones) and cause some type of response within the cell. Receptors de ácido siálico (de lo contrario, permanecería unido a la superficie celular por la hemaglutinina).
11. Se libera una nueva copia viral de la célula, que puede infectar a las células adyacentes.
12. Inflamación y necrosis Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply. Ischemic Cell Damage del epitelio respiratorio infectado
13. El epitelio respiratorio puede quedar despojado (casos graves).
14. La mucosa y células ciliadas se pierden, dejando el árbol bronquial vulnerable a otras infecciones.
15. La infección bacteriana secundaria puede provocar neumonía.

Presentación Clínica

La influenza A Influenza A Antivirals for Influenza y B crean los LOS Neisseria mismos patrones de enfermedad.

Gravedad

• Enfermedad leve a moderada, autolimitante: pacientes inmunocompetentes
• Enfermedad severa:
  • Inmunodeficiencia
  • Embarazo
  • Enfermedad cardiorrespiratoria

Pródromo (3–24 horas)

• Mialgia (incluidos los LOS Neisseria músculos extraoculares)
• Malestar
• Cefalea
• Anorexia Anorexia The lack or loss of appetite accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder anorexia nervosa. Anorexia Nervosa
• Postración en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum casos severos

Enfermedad (7–10 días)

Adultos:

• Fiebre
  • Normalmente 37,8–40,0°C (100–104°F)
  • Dura de 1–5 días
• Mialgias
• Tos TOS Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a broad term used for a spectrum of syndromes related to the general region of the thoracic outlet, which involves the compression or irritation of elements of the brachial plexus, subclavian artery, or subclavian vein. Thoracic Outlet Syndrome seca/no productiva
• Dolor Dolor Inflammation de garganta
• Congestión nasal o rinorrea
• Nariz y garganta hiperémicas
• Conjuntivitis no purulenta
• Linfadenopatía cervical leve

Niños:

• Fiebre alta
• Malestar
• Cefalea
• Laringotraqueobronquitis (crup)
• Bronquiolitis
• Otitis media
• Síntomas de gastroenteritis Gastroenteritis Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the stomach and intestines, commonly caused by infections from bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Transmission may be foodborne, fecal-oral, or through animal contact. Common clinical features include abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and dehydration. Gastroenteritis:
  • Dolor Dolor Inflammation abdominal
  • Vómito
  • Diarrea

Neumonía viral primaria

• Disnea
• Cianosis
• Crepitantes inspiratorios
• Sin hallazgos de consolidación

Neumonía bacteriana secundaria

• Fiebre creciente
• Tos TOS Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a broad term used for a spectrum of syndromes related to the general region of the thoracic outlet, which involves the compression or irritation of elements of the brachial plexus, subclavian artery, or subclavian vein. Thoracic Outlet Syndrome productiva, posiblemente con sangre
• Hipoxemia
• Hallazgos consolidados:
  • Matidez a la percusión
  • Sonidos respiratorios bronquiales
  • Pectoriloquia susurrada

Diagnóstico

El diagnóstico de la infección por influenza Influenza Influenza viruses are members of the Orthomyxoviridae family and the causative organisms of influenza, a highly contagious febrile respiratory disease. There are 3 primary influenza viruses (A, B, and C) and various subtypes, which are classified based on their virulent surface antigens, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Influenza typically presents with a fever, myalgia, headache, and symptoms of an upper respiratory infection. Influenza Viruses/Influenza generalmente se hace HACE Altitude Sickness clínicamente; sin embargo, las pruebas de diagnóstico rápido pueden ser útiles si los LOS Neisseria resultados van a influir en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el tratamiento.

Diagnostico clinico

• Valor predictivo positivo del diagnóstico clínico una vez que el virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology ha HA Hemolytic anemia (HA) is the term given to a large group of anemias that are caused by the premature destruction/hemolysis of circulating red blood cells (RBCs). Hemolysis can occur within (intravascular hemolysis) or outside the blood vessels (extravascular hemolysis). Hemolytic Anemia sido documentado en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la comunidad: 80%–90%
• Hallazgos clínicos clave:
  • Inicio rápido de síntomas
  • Fiebre y síntomas de infección de las vías respiratorias superiores
  • Mialgias extraoculares
  • Síntomas gastrointestinales y fiebre alta en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum niños

Laboratorio e imagenología

• Estándares de oro:
  • Cultivo viral (3–7 días): detecta virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum muestras nasofaríngeas o faríngeas
  • Reacción en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum cadena de la polimerasa ( PCR PCR Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique that amplifies DNA fragments exponentially for analysis. The process is highly specific, allowing for the targeting of specific genomic sequences, even with minuscule sample amounts. The PCR cycles multiple times through 3 phases: denaturation of the template DNA, annealing of a specific primer to the individual DNA strands, and synthesis/elongation of new DNA molecules. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés) con transcripción inversa (24 horas): identificación de genomas virales
• Pruebas de diagnóstico rápido:
  • Ensayo inmunoabsorbente ligado a enzimas ( ELISA ELISA An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed. St. Louis Encephalitis Virus, por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés; 15–20 minutos): detección de antígenos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum frotis nasales y faríngeos
  • Especificidad de hasta el 98%
  • Sensibilidad y valores predictivos limitados
• Análisis de sangre:
  • Hemograma:
    • Leucopenia (especialmente linfopenia)
    • Trombocitopenia leve
  • Perfil metabólico básico: útil para los LOS Neisseria cuidados de soporte de pacientes hospitalizados
• Radiografía de tórax:
  • Diagnóstico de 1ra línea para descartar neumonía bacteriana
  • Debe obtenerse en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria siguientes casos:
    • Ancianos
    • Pacientes de alto riesgo por comorbilidades médicas
    • Pacientes que presentan signos/síntomas sugestivos de neumonía
  • Hallazgos:
    • Infiltrados simétricos bilaterales
    • Opacidades en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum vidrio esmerilado
    • Infiltrados focales → neumonía bacteriana

Tratamiento

Tratamiento

La mayoría de los LOS Neisseria pacientes solo requieren cuidados de soporte y se recuperan sin complicaciones. Los LOS Neisseria medicamentos antivirales se utilizan en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum pacientes hospitalizados o de alto riesgo.

• Tratamiento hospitalario general:
  • Precauciones de contacto y aislamiento
  • Se deben administrar O₂ y líquidos intravenosos según sea necesario.
• Inhibidores de la neuraminidasa:
  • Opciones:
    • Oseltamivir Oseltamivir An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of sialic acid and inhibits neuraminidase. Antivirals for Influenza (oral)
    • Zanamivir Zanamivir A guanido-neuraminic acid that is used to inhibit neuraminidase. Antivirals for Influenza (inhalación oral)
    • Peramivir Peramivir Antivirals for Influenza (intravenoso)
  • Mecanismo: bloquea la neuraminidasa para que no escinda la nueva copia viral del ácido siálico en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el epitelio respiratorio → el virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology no puede salir de la célula infectada
  • Usos clínicos y eficacia:
    • Activo contra los LOS Neisseria virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology de la influenza A Influenza A Antivirals for Influenza y B
    • Debe iniciarse dentro de las 48 horas posteriores al AL Amyloidosis inicio de la enfermedad
• Inhibidores de la M2:
  • Opciones:
    • Amantadina
    • Rimantadina
  • Mecanismo: inhibe los LOS Neisseria canales iónicos M2 → el virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology no se puede desenvolver
  • Usos clínicos y eficacia:
    • Activo solo contra el virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology de la influenza A Influenza A Antivirals for Influenza
    • Debe iniciarse en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum un plazo de 24–48 horas para tener una eficacia completa
    • Resistencia significativa a estos medicamentos
• Antibióticos
  • Indicados en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum casos de neumonía bacteriana superpuesta
  • Tratamiento empírico para la neumonía adquirida en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la comunidad
  • Regímenes basados en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la edad, factores de riesgo, tinción de Gram y/o resultados de cultivos

Complicaciones

• Neumonía bacteriana secundaria:
  • Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus is one of the two medically important genera of gram-positive cocci, the other being Staphylococcus. Streptococci are identified as different species on blood agar on the basis of their hemolytic pattern and sensitivity to optochin and bacitracin. There are many pathogenic species of streptococci, including S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, S. pneumoniae, and the viridans streptococci. Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureus Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications. Brain Abscess
  • Haemophilus influenzae Haemophilus Influenzae A species of Haemophilus found on the mucous membranes of humans and a variety of animals. The species is further divided into biotypes I through viii. Haemophilus
• Encefalitis postinfluenza
• Miositis
• Síndrome de Reye asociado a aspirina (niños)

Prevención

• Recomendaciones para prevenir la transmisión:
  • Buenos modales para toser
  • Uso de mascarillas
  • Lavado de manos frecuente
  • Aislamiento social de personas infectadas
• Vacunación contra la influenza Influenza Influenza viruses are members of the Orthomyxoviridae family and the causative organisms of influenza, a highly contagious febrile respiratory disease. There are 3 primary influenza viruses (A, B, and C) and various subtypes, which are classified based on their virulent surface antigens, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Influenza typically presents with a fever, myalgia, headache, and symptoms of an upper respiratory infection. Influenza Viruses/Influenza (vacuna contra la gripe): eficacia del 50%–90%
  • Cada año se incluyen diferentes cepas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum función de las cepas de virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology que circulan actualmente.
  • Vacuna inactivada: 70% de eficacia
  • Vacuna viva atenuada: > 90% de eficacia en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum niños, 85% en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum adultos
  • Recomendada anualmente para todas las personas ≥ 6 meses de edad que no tengan contraindicaciones
• Quimioprofilaxis:
  • Para prevenir brotes dentro de una comunidad (e.g., hogar de ancianos)
  • Inhibidores de la neuraminidasa
  • Inhibidores de la M2

Comparación con Virus Similares

• SARS-CoV-2: un nuevo coronavirus Coronavirus Coronaviruses are a group of related viruses that contain positive-sense, single-stranded RNA. Coronavirus derives its name from “κορώνη korṓnē” in Greek, which translates as “crown,” after the small club-shaped proteins visible as a ring around the viral envelope in electron micrographs. Coronavirus con una alta tasa de infección que causa la enfermedad clínica conocida como enfermedad por coronavirus Coronavirus Coronaviruses are a group of related viruses that contain positive-sense, single-stranded RNA. Coronavirus derives its name from “κορώνη korṓnē” in Greek, which translates as “crown,” after the small club-shaped proteins visible as a ring around the viral envelope in electron micrographs. Coronavirus ( COVID-19 COVID-19 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that mainly affects the respiratory system but can also cause damage to other body systems (cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, renal, and central nervous systems). , por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés). La COVID-19 COVID-19 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that mainly affects the respiratory system but can also cause damage to other body systems (cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, renal, and central nervous systems). puede ser asintomático o leve con síntomas de una infección de las vías respiratorias superiores solamente, o puede progresar a una enfermedad más grave de las vías respiratorias inferiores, neumonía grave y fallo multiorgánico. El diagnóstico se basa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum pruebas de amplificación de ácidos nucleicos. El tratamiento es principalmente de soporte y puede incluir glucocorticoides, remdesivir e inhibidores de la interleucina-6 (e.g., tocilizumab Tocilizumab Immunosuppressants). La vacunación, el aislamiento social y una excelente higiene de manos y tos TOS Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a broad term used for a spectrum of syndromes related to the general region of the thoracic outlet, which involves the compression or irritation of elements of the brachial plexus, subclavian artery, or subclavian vein. Thoracic Outlet Syndrome son claves para la prevención.
• Virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology sincitial respiratorio: un virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology de ARN monocatenario envuelto que causa infecciones de los LOS Neisseria pulmones y el tracto respiratorio. La infección por el virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology sincitial respiratorio es una de las principales causas de infecciones en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum lactantes y niños pequeños, y también puede transmitirse por gotículas respiratorias. Las complicaciones incluyen bronquiolitis, neumonía y otitis media. La infección por el virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology sincitial respiratorio se trata con cuidados de soporte. Aunque puede ser difícil distinguir clínicamente las infecciones por virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology sincitial respiratorio de la influenza Influenza Influenza viruses are members of the Orthomyxoviridae family and the causative organisms of influenza, a highly contagious febrile respiratory disease. There are 3 primary influenza viruses (A, B, and C) and various subtypes, which are classified based on their virulent surface antigens, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Influenza typically presents with a fever, myalgia, headache, and symptoms of an upper respiratory infection. Influenza Viruses/Influenza, las pruebas de diagnóstico pueden ser útiles en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum casos más graves.
• Virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology de la parainfluenza humana: virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology de ARN monocatenario de la familia Paramyxoviridae Paramyxoviridae A family of spherical viruses, of the order mononegavirales, somewhat larger than the orthomyxoviruses, and containing single-stranded RNA. Subfamilies include paramyxoviridae and pneumovirinae. Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Los LOS Neisseria virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology de la parainfluenza humana pueden causar enfermedades de las vías respiratorias superiores e inferiores, como crup (laringotraqueobronquitis), bronquiolitis y neumonía. El tratamiento es principalmente con cuidados de soporte.
• Adenovirus Adenovirus Adenovirus (member of the family Adenoviridae) is a nonenveloped, double-stranded DNA virus. Adenovirus is transmitted in a variety of ways, and it can have various presentations based on the site of entry. Presentation can include febrile pharyngitis, conjunctivitis, acute respiratory disease, atypical pneumonia, and gastroenteritis. Adenovirus: virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology de ADN bicatenario no envuelto que típicamente causa infecciones respiratorias leves (el resfriado común), aunque también pueden causar conjuntivitis, neumonía atípica, gastroenteritis Gastroenteritis Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the stomach and intestines, commonly caused by infections from bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Transmission may be foodborne, fecal-oral, or through animal contact. Common clinical features include abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and dehydration. Gastroenteritis y apendicitis. La transmisión es a través de aerosoles, vía fecal-oral, fómites y contacto directo. El tratamiento es de soporte.

Diagnóstico Diferencial

• Asma ASMA Autoimmune Hepatitis: una enfermedad inflamatoria crónica de las vías respiratorias que conduce al AL Amyloidosis estrechamiento de los LOS Neisseria bronquios luminales y a la obstrucción del flujo de aire. El asma ASMA Autoimmune Hepatitis se caracteriza por tos TOS Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a broad term used for a spectrum of syndromes related to the general region of the thoracic outlet, which involves the compression or irritation of elements of the brachial plexus, subclavian artery, or subclavian vein. Thoracic Outlet Syndrome, sibilancias y disnea. El asma ASMA Autoimmune Hepatitis tiene desencadenantes conocidos y los LOS Neisseria síntomas se pueden revertir con el uso de broncodilatadores. El asma ASMA Autoimmune Hepatitis no se asocia con fiebre y malestar como la influenza Influenza Influenza viruses are members of the Orthomyxoviridae family and the causative organisms of influenza, a highly contagious febrile respiratory disease. There are 3 primary influenza viruses (A, B, and C) and various subtypes, which are classified based on their virulent surface antigens, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Influenza typically presents with a fever, myalgia, headache, and symptoms of an upper respiratory infection. Influenza Viruses/Influenza.
• Neumonía bacteriana adquirida en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la comunidad: una infección del tracto respiratorio inferior que provoca una inflamación exudativa aguda de los LOS Neisseria alvéolos y el parénquima pulmonar. Los LOS Neisseria síntomas de la neumonía bacteriana adquirida en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la comunidad incluyen tos TOS Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a broad term used for a spectrum of syndromes related to the general region of the thoracic outlet, which involves the compression or irritation of elements of the brachial plexus, subclavian artery, or subclavian vein. Thoracic Outlet Syndrome productiva, fiebre, escalofríos, disnea y cianosis. El tratamiento consiste en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum cuidados de soporte y antibióticos. Algunas formas de neumonía se pueden prevenir con vacunas.
• Gastroenteritis Gastroenteritis Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the stomach and intestines, commonly caused by infections from bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Transmission may be foodborne, fecal-oral, or through animal contact. Common clinical features include abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and dehydration. Gastroenteritis: inflamación del estómago y los LOS Neisseria intestinos, comúnmente causada por infecciones bacterianas, virales y parasitarias. Los LOS Neisseria síntomas incluyen dolor Dolor Inflammation abdominal, diarrea, vómitos, fiebre y deshidratación. No se requiere análisis o cultivo de heces, pero puede ayudar a determinar la etiología en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum ciertas circunstancias. La mayoría de los LOS Neisseria casos son autolimitantes y el único tratamiento necesario es la terapia de soporte. La presencia de síntomas respiratorios con gastroenteritis Gastroenteritis Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the stomach and intestines, commonly caused by infections from bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Transmission may be foodborne, fecal-oral, or through animal contact. Common clinical features include abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and dehydration. Gastroenteritis debe impulsar una evaluación de influenza Influenza Influenza viruses are members of the Orthomyxoviridae family and the causative organisms of influenza, a highly contagious febrile respiratory disease. There are 3 primary influenza viruses (A, B, and C) and various subtypes, which are classified based on their virulent surface antigens, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Influenza typically presents with a fever, myalgia, headache, and symptoms of an upper respiratory infection. Influenza Viruses/Influenza.