Domina Conceptos Médicos

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Pruebas de Función Hepática

Las pruebas de función hepática, también conocidas como panel de función hepática, son uno de los LOS Neisseria análisis de sangre de tamizaje más comúnmente realizados. Tales pruebas también se utilizan para detectar, evaluar y monitorizar enfermedades hepáticas agudas y crónicas. Las pruebas de función hepática evalúan los LOS Neisseria niveles de diversas proteínas y enzimas hepáticas para determinar el estado de la actividad metabólica del hígado, la homeostasis Homeostasis The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. Cell Injury and Death, el metabolismo de la bilis y la capacidad de síntesis de proteínas. El panel hepático estándar incluye los LOS Neisseria niveles de proteína total, bilirrubina, albúmina, ALT ALT An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of l-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and l-glutamate. Liver Function Tests, AST AST Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of l-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and l-glutamate. Liver Function Tests, relación AST AST Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of l-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and l-glutamate. Liver Function Tests/ ALT ALT An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of l-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and l-glutamate. Liver Function Tests y fosfatasa alcalina. Nota: Los LOS Neisseria valores de laboratorio de esta página deben utilizarse a modo de ejemplo. Estos intervalos pueden variar en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum función de las unidades de medida, los LOS Neisseria reactivos, las técnicas o los LOS Neisseria instrumentos utilizados por un laboratorio específico.

Last updated: Dec 15, 2025

Editorial responsibility: Stanley Oiseth, Lindsay Jones, Evelin Maza

Introducción

Anatomía hepatobiliar

  • Hígado:
    • Órgano sólido más grande del cuerpo humano
    • Se encuentra en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el cuadrante superior derecho del abdomen
    • Sus funciones son la desintoxicación, el metabolismo (carbohidratos, proteínas y lípidos), el almacenamiento de nutrientes y la producción de proteínas.
  • Vesícula biliar y vías biliares:
    • Saco en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum forma de pera
    • Funciona como órgano de almacenamiento de la bilis y la red de conductos que transportan la bilis desde la vesícula biliar hasta el intestino para su excreción.
Vista anterior del hígado

Vista de la superficie diafragmática del hígado. Imagen por Lecturio. Licencia: CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

Fisiología hepatobiliar

  • Las principales funciones del hígado son:
    • Producción de bilis
      • Ayuda a excretar los LOS Neisseria desechos metabólicos
      • Ayuda en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la absorción y digestión de los LOS Neisseria lípidos
    • Almacenamiento y/o metabolismo de vitaminas liposolubles
    • Metabolismo de medicamentos
    • Metabolismo de la bilirrubina
      • Hemo → biliverdina → bilirrubina no conjugada
      • El hígado conjuga la bilirrubina, que luego se secreta en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la bilis.
    • Función inmunológica: eliminación de microorganismos y endotoxinas de la sangre portal
    • Síntesis de proteínas
  • Varias proteínas hepáticas pueden evaluarse individualmente, pero el panel de función hepática estándar evalúa lo siguiente:
    • Proteínas totales
    • Bilirrubina
    • Albúmina
    • ALT ALT An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of l-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and l-glutamate. Liver Function Tests
    • AST AST Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of l-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and l-glutamate. Liver Function Tests
    • Relación AST AST Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of l-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and l-glutamate. Liver Function Tests/ ALT ALT An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of l-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and l-glutamate. Liver Function Tests
    • Fosfatasa alcalina
  • Las proteínas hepáticas se pueden agrupar según el tipo de alteración de la función hepática que miden:
    • Parámetros de daño hepático: ALT ALT An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of l-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and l-glutamate. Liver Function Tests, AST AST Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of l-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and l-glutamate. Liver Function Tests, relación AST AST Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of l-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and l-glutamate. Liver Function Tests/ ALT ALT An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of l-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and l-glutamate. Liver Function Tests y glutamato deshidrogenasa
    • Parámetros de enfermedad biliar: gamma-glutamil transpeptidasa ( GGTP GGTP An enzyme, sometimes called ggt, with a key role in the synthesis and degradation of glutathione; (GSH, a tripeptide that protects cells from many toxins). It catalyzes the transfer of the gamma-glutamyl moiety to an acceptor amino acid. Liver Function Tests), fosfatasa alcalina y bilirrubina
    • Parámetros de síntesis hepática: albúmina, colinesterasa, tiempo de protrombina
Tabla: Patrones enzimáticos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la enfermedad hepática
Enfermedad hepática ALT ALT An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of l-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and l-glutamate. Liver Function Tests y AST AST Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of l-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and l-glutamate. Liver Function Tests Fosfatasa alcalina Bilirrubina Gamma-glutamil transpeptidasa Tiempo de protrombina
Daño hepático agudo (e.g., hepatitis viral) ↑↑↑
> 10 veces el nivel normal
Generalmente ALT ALT An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of l-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and l-glutamate. Liver Function Tests > AST AST Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of l-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and l-glutamate. Liver Function Tests
Normal o ↑ Normal o ↑ Normal
Daño hepático crónico (e.g., hígado graso) ↑↑ Normal o ↑ Normal o ↑ Normal
Hepatopatía alcohólica
AST AST Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of l-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and l-glutamate. Liver Function Tests/ ALT ALT An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of l-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and l-glutamate. Liver Function Tests > 2
Normal o ↑ Normal o ↑ ↑↑ Normal
Colestasis ↑↑
> 4 veces
↑↑ ↑↑ Normal
Cirrosis
AST AST Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of l-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and l-glutamate. Liver Function Tests > ALT ALT An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of l-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and l-glutamate. Liver Function Tests
Normal o ↑ En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum etapas avanzadas Prolongado
Cáncer de hígado Normal o ↑ ↑↑ Normal o ↑ Normal o ↑ Prolongado
Hepatitis autoinmune ↑↑
ALT ALT An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of l-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and l-glutamate. Liver Function Tests > AST AST Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of l-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and l-glutamate. Liver Function Tests
Normal o ↑ Normal
Lesión isquémica/ shock Shock Shock is a life-threatening condition associated with impaired circulation that results in tissue hypoxia. The different types of shock are based on the underlying cause: distributive (↑ cardiac output (CO), ↓ systemic vascular resistance (SVR)), cardiogenic (↓ CO, ↑ SVR), hypovolemic (↓ CO, ↑ SVR), obstructive (↓ CO), and mixed. Types of Shock hepático ↑↑↑ Normal o ↑ Prolongado

Parámetros de Daño Hepático

Cuando los LOS Neisseria hepatocitos se dañan, liberan sus enzimas a la circulación. La magnitud de la alteración del nivel de las enzimas refleja la gravedad del daño hepático.

Tabla: Parámetros de daño hepático
Parámetro Rangos normales Función Causas de elevación
ALT ALT An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of l-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and l-glutamate. Liver Function Tests 8–20 U/L
  • Producida en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum hígado
  • Marcador específico de daño hepático
  • Participa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el metabolismo de los LOS Neisseria aminoácidos, cataliza la transferencia de un grupo amino entre glutamato y alanina
  • Todo tipo de daño hepático.
  • Cuando solo se altera AST AST Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of l-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and l-glutamate. Liver Function Tests:
    • Daño muscular
    • IM

> 1 000U/L:
  • Hepatotoxicidad inducida por medicamentos
  • Hepatitis isquémica
  • Hepatitis viral aguda
AST AST Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of l-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and l-glutamate. Liver Function Tests 8–20 U/L
  • Participa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el metabolismo de los LOS Neisseria aminoácidos, cataliza la transferencia de un grupo amino entre el glutamato y el aspartato
  • También presente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el corazón, los LOS Neisseria músculos y los LOS Neisseria riñones.
Glutamato deshidrogenasa 1–10 U/L
  • Producido en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las mitocondrias
  • Convierte el glutamato en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum α-cetoglutarato, liberando amoníaco en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el ciclo de la urea Urea A compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. Urea Cycle
  • Elevada cuando la necrosis Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply. Ischemic Cell Damage de los LOS Neisseria hepatocitos es el evento predominante
  • Hepatitis severa
  • Toxinas
  • Isquemia hepática
Relación AST AST Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of l-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and l-glutamate. Liver Function Tests/ ALT ALT An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of l-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and l-glutamate. Liver Function Tests Aproximadamente 0,8 Se utiliza para diferenciar entre las causas del daño hepatocelular.
  • En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la mayoría de las enfermedades hepáticas, ALT ALT An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of l-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and l-glutamate. Liver Function Tests > AST AST Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of l-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and l-glutamate. Liver Function Tests, con una relación < 1
  • En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum hepatopatía alcohólica, AST AST Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of l-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and l-glutamate. Liver Function Tests > ALT ALT An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of l-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and l-glutamate. Liver Function Tests, con una relación > 2
  • AST AST Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of l-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and l-glutamate. Liver Function Tests > ALT ALT An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of l-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and l-glutamate. Liver Function Tests en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum hepatopatía no alcohólica sugiere cirrosis

Parámetros de Enfermedad Biliar

  • Enfermedad biliar: patología que afecta las vías biliares intra y extrahepáticas y la vesícula biliar
  • Colestasis: falta de excreción de bilirrubina conjugada al AL Amyloidosis duodeno
Tabla: Parámetros de enfermedad biliar
Parámetro Rangos normales Función Causas de elevación
Gamma-glutamil transpeptidasa 9–48 U/L
  • Participa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el transporte de aminoácidos y el metabolismo del glutatión
  • Presente también en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum riñón, páncreas e intestino
  • Trastorno por consumo de alcohol
  • Colestasis
Fosfatasa alcalina 44–147 UI/L Responsable de desfosforilar varios compuestos.
  • 3er trimestre del embarazo
  • Colestasis
  • Enfermedad ósea:
    • Metástasis óseas
    • Osteomalacia Osteomalacia Disorder caused by an interruption of the mineralization of organic bone matrix leading to bone softening, bone pain, and weakness. It is the adult form of rickets resulting from disruption of vitamin d; phosphorus; or calcium homeostasis. Osteomalacia and Rickets
    • Fracturas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum vías de curación
Bilirrubina Total 0,1–1 mg/dL Pigmento amarillo producido durante la descomposición de los LOS Neisseria eritrocitos a través del catabolismo del grupo hemo Elevada por diversas enfermedades del hígado, la vesícula biliar, el árbol biliar o los LOS Neisseria glóbulos rojos (e.g., hemólisis)
Directa 0,0–0,3 mg/dL Conjugada con ácido glucurónico, soluble en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum agua Generalmente asociado con causas de colestasis obstructiva
Indirecta Por lo general, se mide como la diferencia entre la bilirrubina total y la directa. Sin conjugar con ácido glucurónico, soluble en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum lípidos
  • Síndromes hereditarios de conjugación defectuosa de la bilirrubina
  • Hemólisis de eritrocitos

Parámetros de Síntesis Hepática

  • El hígado es responsable de la producción de muchas proteínas y enzimas.
  • El daño hepatocelular puede reducir la capacidad de síntesis.
Tabla: Parámetros de síntesis hepática
Parámetro Rangos normales Función Causas de elevación
Albúmina 3,5–5,5 g/dL
  • Proteína sérica principal
  • Determina la presión oncótica intravascular
  • Transporte intravascular de sustancias (medicamentos, hormonas, bilirrubina)
  • Elevada en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum deshidratación
  • Disminución en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum enfermedad hepática avanzada (e.g., cirrosis) o pérdida urinaria de proteínas (e.g., síndrome nefrótico)
Colinesterasa 8–18 U/mL
  • Descompone los LOS Neisseria ésteres de colina (importante para el metabolismo de muchos medicamentos, incluidos los LOS Neisseria anestésicos)
  • Producida únicamente por el hígado.
  • Elevada en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la enfermedad de Alzheimer, diabetes Diabetes Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia and dysfunction of the regulation of glucose metabolism by insulin. Type 1 DM is diagnosed mostly in children and young adults as the result of autoimmune destruction of β cells in the pancreas and the resulting lack of insulin. Type 2 DM has a significant association with obesity and is characterized by insulin resistance. Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2, enfermedad coronaria
  • Disminución en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum enfermedad hepática avanzada (e.g., cirrosis) y desnutrición
  • Inhibida por intoxicación por plaguicidas organofosforados
Tiempo de protrombina 9,5–13,5 segundos
  • Mide la capacidad del hígado para sintetizar fibrinógeno y los LOS Neisseria factores II, VII, IX y X
  • Evalúa la eficiencia de las vías extrínseca y común de la cascada de la coagulación
    Prolongado en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum:
  • Deficiencia de vitamina K
  • Enfermedad hepática (e.g., cirrosis), que altera la producción de factores de coagulación
  • Sobredosis de warfarina
  • CID
  • Deficiencia hereditaria de factores de coagulación (p. ej., hemofilia)

Relevancia Clínica

Trastornos hepáticos

  • Neoplasias:
    • Tumores hepáticos benignos: hemangiomas cavernosos, adenomas hepatocelulares e hiperplasia nodular focal
    • Cáncer de hígado: carcinoma hepatocelular; colangiocarcinoma intrahepático; hepatoblastoma Hepatoblastoma A malignant neoplasm occurring in young children, primarily in the liver, composed of tissue resembling embryonal or fetal hepatic epithelium, or mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. Rare Malignant Liver Tumors; angiosarcoma; hemangioendotelioma; metástasis hepáticas de tumores malignos gastrointestinales, mamarios y pulmonares; y tumores hepáticos raros (carcinosarcomas, teratomas Teratomas A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). Ovarian Cancer, tumores del saco vitelino, tumores carcinoides y linfomas)
  • Infecciones:
    • Absceso hepático piógeno: acumulación de pus que se forma en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el hígado debido a una infección bacteriana, fúngica o parasitaria. Los LOS Neisseria pacientes con un absceso hepático piógeno deben someterse a drenaje del absceso y recibir antibióticos sistémicos.
    • Hepatitis viral: causada principalmente por los LOS Neisseria virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology de la hepatitis A Hepatitis A Hepatitis A is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV), a nonenveloped virus of the Picornaviridae family with single-stranded RNA. HAV causes an acute, highly contagious hepatitis with unspecific prodromal symptoms such as fever and malaise followed by jaundice and elevated liver transaminases. Hepatitis A Virus, B, C, D y E, lo que provoca una inflamación específica del hígado. Los LOS Neisseria pacientes desarrollan síntomas inespecíficos, como náuseas, vómitos, anorexia Anorexia The lack or loss of appetite accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder anorexia nervosa. Anorexia Nervosa y dolor Dolor Inflammation abdominal.
  • Trastornos inflamatorios:
    • Hepatopatía alcohólica: enfermedad progresiva caracterizada por inflamación y daño hepático debido al AL Amyloidosis abuso excesivo de alcohol a largo plazo. Los LOS Neisseria pacientes clásicamente se presentan con enzimas hepáticas elevadas, con AST AST Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of l-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and l-glutamate. Liver Function Tests más elevada que ALT ALT An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of l-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and l-glutamate. Liver Function Tests.
    • Hepatopatía grasa no alcohólica: caracterizada por una acumulación excesiva de grasa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el hígado sin una ingesta excesiva de alcohol. La gravedad de la afección varía desde asintomática hasta esteatohepatitis no alcohólica, caracterizada por daño hepático progresivo.
    • Hepatitis autoinmune: proceso inflamatorio progresivo que conduce a hepatitis crónica o cirrosis. La hepatitis autoinmune se caracteriza por la presencia de autoanticuerpos circulantes y concentraciones altas de globulina sérica.
    • Síndrome de Fitz-Hugh-Curtis: caracterizado por la inflamación de la cápsula hepática que ocurre en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las mujeres como una complicación de la enfermedad pélvica inflamatoria.
  • Hereditario :
    • Hemocromatosis: trastorno genético autosómico recesivo debido a una mutación del gen HFE, que resulta en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum un aumento de la absorción intestinal de hierro. Los LOS Neisseria pacientes presentan hepatomegalia, cirrosis, piel bronceada, diabetes Diabetes Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia and dysfunction of the regulation of glucose metabolism by insulin. Type 1 DM is diagnosed mostly in children and young adults as the result of autoimmune destruction of β cells in the pancreas and the resulting lack of insulin. Type 2 DM has a significant association with obesity and is characterized by insulin resistance. Diabetes Mellitus, artralgia y cardiomiopatía.
    • Enfermedad de Wilson: trastorno metabólico autosómico recesivo en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el que se altera la excreción de cobre, lo que lleva a la acumulación de cobre en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el hígado.
    • Síndrome de Dubin-Johnson: un raro trastorno autosómico recesivo que involucra niveles elevados de bilirrubina conjugada que conducen al AL Amyloidosis depósito de un pigmento similar a la melanina en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el hígado, lo que causa lo que se conoce como “hígado negro”. Clínicamente, el síndrome de Dubin-Johnson se presenta con ictericia debido a niveles elevados de bilirrubina conjugada.
  • Misceláneas:
    • Hipertensión portal: debido a la elevación de la presión en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la vena porta. La hipertensión portal es causada con mayor frecuencia por cirrosis, esquistosomiasis, trombosis de la vena porta u otras anomalías vasculares hepáticas. La afección rara vez se asocia con hipertensión pulmonar.
    • Cirrosis: afección causada por daño crónico al AL Amyloidosis hígado. La cirrosis puede ser la consecuencia de una multitud de lesiones crónicas del hígado. La hepatopatía alcohólica es una causa importante. La cirrosis se caracteriza por necrosis Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply. Ischemic Cell Damage del parénquima hepático, que finalmente conduce a fibrosis Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. Bronchiolitis Obliterans e insuficiencia hepática.
    • Síndrome de Budd-Chiari: afección rara que resulta de la obstrucción de la vena hepática que conduce a hepatomegalia, ascitis y molestias abdominales.

Trastornos biliares

  • Colelitiasis: presencia de cálculos biliares en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la vesícula biliar.
  • Colecistitis: afección caracterizada por la inflamación de la vesícula biliar, generalmente debido a una infección bacteriana que conduce a la obstrucción del conducto cístico. Los LOS Neisseria pacientes se presentarán con dolor Dolor Inflammation severo en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el cuadrante superior derecho.
  • Colangitis: una infección del tracto biliar, generalmente debido al AL Amyloidosis flujo ascendente de bacterias facilitado por la estasis biliar. La colangitis puede provocar estenosis, más estasis biliar y coledocolitiasis recurrente.
  • Cirrosis biliar primaria: también conocida como colangitis biliar primaria, es una enfermedad autoinmune progresiva crónica caracterizada por la destrucción de los LOS Neisseria conductos biliares intrahepáticos, lo que provoca colestasis, cirrosis e insuficiencia hepática.
  • Colangitis esclerosante primaria: inflamación crónica progresiva de los LOS Neisseria conductos biliares que conduce a fibrosis Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. Bronchiolitis Obliterans y estenosis sin causa conocida. La colangitis esclerosante primaria se asocia significativamente con la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal.

Referencias

  1. Giannini, EG, Testa, R, & Savarino V. (2005). Liver enzyme alteration: A guide for clinicians. CMAJ, 172(3),367–79. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15684121/
  2. Hall, P, & Cash, J. (2012). What is the real function of the liver “function” tests? The Ulster Medical Journal, 81(1),30–36. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23536736/
  3. Hoekstra, LT, et al. (2013). Physiological and biochemical basis of clinical liver function tests: A review. Annals of Surgery,  257(1),27–36. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22836216/
  4. Kalra, A, Yetiskul, E., Wehrle, CJ, et al. Physiology, liver. [Updated 2020 May 24]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan–.
  5. Lindenmeyer, CC. (2019). Laboratory tests of the liver and gallbladder. MDS Manual. Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA. Retrieved May 27, 2021 from: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/hepatic-and-biliary-disorders

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