Digestión y Absorción

Descripción General de la Digestión y la Absorción

• La digestión y la absorción son procesos complejos que comienzan en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la boca, pero ocurren principalmente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el estómago y el intestino delgado.
• Carbohidratos:
  • Deben descomponerse en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum monosacáridos para ser absorbidos
  • Enzimas digestivas primarias:
    • Amilasa
    • Enzimas del borde en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum cepillo
  • Absorbidos a través de:
    • Lado apical: transportadores de glucosa asociados a sodio (SGLT, por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés) 1, transportador de glucosa ( GLUT GLUT Tubular System, por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés) 5
    • Lado basolateral: GLUT2 GLUT2 A glucose transport facilitator that is expressed primarily in pancreatic beta cells; liver; and kidneys. It may function as a glucose sensor to regulate insulin release and glucose homeostasis. Digestion and Absorption
• Proteínas:
  • Descompuestas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum péptidos y aminoácidos individuales
  • Enzimas digestivas primarias:
    • Pepsina
    • Tripsina
    • Quimotripsina
    • Carboxipeptidasa
    • Elastasa
  • Absorbidas por cotransportadores especializados
• Lípidos:
  • Descompuestos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum sus constituyentes (e.g., triacilgliceroles → glicerol + ácidos grasos libres)
  • Enzimas digestivas primarias:
    • Lipasas
    • Colesterol esterasa
    • Fosfolipasa A2
  • Los LOS Neisseria lípidos se vuelven a ensamblar en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria enterocitos antes de ser liberados al AL Amyloidosis espacio intersticial.
  • Absorbidos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la circulación linfática
• La absorción de vitaminas y minerales varía y depende del nutriente.

Digestión y Absorción de Carbohidratos

Digestión

• Digeridos principalmente por las amilasas y las enzimas del borde en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum cepillo
• Las enzimas hidrolizan grandes moléculas de almidón a monosacáridos.

Amilasas:

• Escinden los LOS Neisseria enlaces α-1,4-glucosídicos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum moléculas de azúcar
• Crean cadenas de polisacáridos cada vez más pequeñas hasta que la mayoría de los LOS Neisseria enlaces glucosídicos α-1,4 se rompan, dejando atrás:
  • Monosacáridos: moléculas de azúcar individuales
  • Disacáridos: almidones con 2 moléculas de azúcar
  • Oligosacáridos: almidones con 3‒10 moléculas de azúcar
  • Almidones no digeribles: azúcares unidos por otro tipo de enlaces
• Activas a pH pH The quantitative measurement of the acidity or basicity of a solution. Acid-Base Balance más alto:
  • Activas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la boca y el intestino delgado
  • Inactivadas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el estómago
• Tipos y ubicación de la amilasa:
  • Amilasa salival: secretada en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la boca por las glándulas salivales
  • Amilasa pancreática: secretada en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el duodeno por el páncreas exocrino

Enzimas del borde en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum cepillo:

Las enzimas del borde en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum cepillo son proteínas unidas a la membrana en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la superficie luminal de los LOS Neisseria enterocitos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el intestino delgado. Hay 4 enzimas principales del borde en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum cepillo involucradas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la digestión de carbohidratos.

• Isomaltasa: escinde los LOS Neisseria enlaces α-1,6-glucosídicos
• Maltasa:
  • Hidroliza la maltosa → glucosa + glucosa
  • Hidroliza la maltotriosa → glucosa + glucosa + glucosa
• Lactasa: hidroliza la lactosa → glucosa + galactosa
• Sacarasa:
  • Hidroliza la sacarosa → glucosa + fructosa
  • Hidroliza otros oligosacáridos pequeños

Absorción

Los LOS Neisseria carbohidratos son absorbidos como monosacáridos por los LOS Neisseria enterocitos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el intestino delgado y transportados a través de la sangre a la circulación portal. Los LOS Neisseria carbohidratos que no se pueden descomponer en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum monosacáridos no se absorben (e.g., fibras).

Los LOS Neisseria monosacáridos son:

• Movidos a los LOS Neisseria enterocitos por 1 conjunto de proteínas de transporte en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la membrana apical:
  • SGLT1:
    • Se encuentran en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el intestino delgado
    • Transportan 2 Na⁺, 1 glucosa o galactosa y agua
    • Utilizan el gradiente químico del Na⁺ generado por la bomba Na⁺/K⁺ ATPasa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la membrana basolateral (mantiene baja la concentración intracelular de Na⁺)
    • Conducen al AL Amyloidosis transporte activo secundario
  • GLUT5 GLUT5 A hexose transporter that mediates fructose transport in skeletal muscle and adipocytes and is responsible for luminal uptake of dietary fructose in the small intestine. Digestion and Absorption: transporta la fructosa al AL Amyloidosis interior de la célula a favor de su gradiente de concentración a través de la difusión facilitada
• Movidos hacia el espacio intersticial por una proteína de transporte diferente ubicada en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la membrana basolateral:
  • GLUT2 GLUT2 A glucose transport facilitator that is expressed primarily in pancreatic beta cells; liver; and kidneys. It may function as a glucose sensor to regulate insulin release and glucose homeostasis. Digestion and Absorption:
    • Pueden mover los LOS Neisseria 3 monosacáridos primarios: glucosa, galactosa y fructosa
    • Trabajan por medio de difusión facilitada
• Absorbidos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria capilares desde el espacio intersticial
• Los LOS Neisseria capilares drenan en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las venas → vena porta → hígado para el metabolismo

Digestión y Absorción de Proteínas

Digestión

• La digestión de proteínas ocurre principalmente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el estómago y el duodeno.
• Recuerde: los LOS Neisseria enlaces peptídicos unen el extremo amino del aminoácido con el extremo carboxi del siguiente aminoácido.
• La digestión de proteínas ocurre a través de la hidrólisis enzimática de los LOS Neisseria enlaces peptídicos, descomponiendo las proteínas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum:
  • Péptidos pequeños compuestos por cadenas cortas de aminoácidos
  • Aminoácidos individuales
• Las enzimas involucradas son:
  • Secretadas por el estómago y el páncreas (ver tabla)
  • Unidas al AL Amyloidosis borde en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum cepillo de los LOS Neisseria enterocitos:
    • Las aminopeptidasas descomponen péptidos pequeños desde su extremo amino (i.e., N-terminal).
    • Las dipeptidasas rompen enlaces peptídicos entre 2 aminoácidos → 2 aminoácidos individuales

Absorción

• La absorción se produce en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el intestino delgado.
• Solo los LOS Neisseria aminoácidos, los LOS Neisseria dipéptidos y los LOS Neisseria tripéptidos pueden absorberse a través de la membrana apical hacia los LOS Neisseria enterocitos.
• Solo los LOS Neisseria aminoácidos individuales pueden absorberse a través de la membrana basolateral hacia el espacio intersticial.
• Aminoácidos individuales:
  • Absorbidos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria enterocitos a través de la membrana apical a través de cotransportadores especializados de Na⁺/Aminoácidos:
    • Utilizan el gradiente de Na⁺ creado por la bomba Na⁺/K⁺ ATPasa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la membrana basolateral
    • El [Na⁺] es alto en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el lumen, pero bajo en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria enterocitos → El Na⁺ se mueve a favor de su gradiente de concentración hacia la célula, transportando un aminoácido con él
  • Absorbidos a través de la membrana basolateral por transportadores especializados (diferentes tipos de transportadores para diferentes tipos de aminoácidos)
• Dipéptidos y tripéptidos:
  • Absorbidos por los LOS Neisseria enterocitos a través de la membrana apical por medio de cotransportadores especializados H⁺/PepT
  • Utilizan el gradiente de H⁺ creado por el intercambiador H⁺/Na⁺ en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la membrana apical (que bombea 1 ion H⁺ al AL Amyloidosis lumen y lleva 1 Na⁺ a los LOS Neisseria enterocitos)
  • Los LOS Neisseria péptidos se descomponen en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum aminoácidos individuales mediante peptidasas dentro de los LOS Neisseria enterocitos.
  • Absorbidos a través de la membrana basolateral de la misma manera que los LOS Neisseria aminoácidos
• Una vez en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el espacio intersticial, los LOS Neisseria aminoácidos se absorben en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la circulación venosa → se transportan a través de la circulación portal al AL Amyloidosis hígado

Digestión y Absorción de Grasas

Digestión

Hay 3 tipos principales de grasas que se digieren y absorben: triglicéridos (triacilgliceroles), fosfolípidos y ésteres de colesterol. Los LOS Neisseria 3 tipos contienen enlaces éster (R₁‒(C=O)‒O‒R₂) que se rompen durante la digestión.

Triacilgliceroles:

• Estructura:
  • Esqueleto de glicerol: cadena de 3 carbonos con cada carbono unido a un grupo de alcohol
  • Ácidos grasos: cadena de hidrocarburo con un grupo carboxilo en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum 1 extremo
  • Cada carbono del esqueleto de glicerol está unido al AL Amyloidosis extremo carboxilo de una cadena de ácido graso mediante un enlace éster.
• Los LOS Neisseria enlaces éster son hidrolizados por lipasas:
  • Lipasa lingual (de las glándulas salivales)
  • Lipasa gástrica (de las células principales)
  • Lipasa pancreática (del páncreas exocrino, la más importante)

Fosfolípidos:

• Estructura similar a los LOS Neisseria triacilgliceroles, pero el esqueleto de glicerol contiene un grupo fosfato
• El grupo fosfato confiere más polaridad.
• Los LOS Neisseria enlaces éster son hidrolizados por la fosfolipasa A₂.

Ésteres de colesterol:

• Colesterol unido a un ácido graso por un enlace éster
• Los LOS Neisseria enlaces éster son hidrolizados por la hidrolasa de éster de colesterol.

Sustancias necesarias para la actividad de la lipasa/digestión de lípidos:

• Bilis:
  • Emulsionante producido por el hígado y almacenado y secretado por la vesícula biliar
  • Contiene lecitina (un fosfolípido) y sales biliares
  • Forma gotas de grasa más pequeñas, proporcionando a las lipasas hidrosolubles más superficie para digerir los LOS Neisseria lípidos
• Colipasa: ayuda a las lipasas a unirse (y digerir) las gotas de grasa emulsionadas

Micelas:

A medida que los LOS Neisseria lípidos se descomponen, ellos (junto con los LOS Neisseria componentes de la bilis) se organizan en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum estructuras llamadas micelas:

• Pequeñas gotas esféricas:
  • La porción interior es lipofílica.
  • La porción exterior es hidrófila.
  • Rodeadas de fosfolípidos de la bilis
• Contienen todos los LOS Neisseria componentes liposolubles para ser absorbidos:
  • Ácidos grasos libres
  • Monoacilglicéridos
  • Colesterol
  • Fosfolípidos
  • Vitaminas liposolubles: A, D, E y K
• Las micelas transportan los LOS Neisseria componentes lipídicos a las paredes de los LOS Neisseria enterocitos para su absorción.

Absorción

Si bien la mayor parte de la absorción se produce en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el intestino delgado, es posible que parte de la absorción comience en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el estómago.

Ácidos grasos de cadena larga:

• Las micelas mixtas empaquetan los LOS Neisseria ácidos grasos de cadena larga y los LOS Neisseria llevan al AL Amyloidosis borde del enterocito.
• El cambio de pH pH The quantitative measurement of the acidity or basicity of a solution. Acid-Base Balance cerca del borde en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum cepillo abre las micelas.
• Los LOS Neisseria componentes lipídicos (e.g., ácidos grasos y monoglicéridos) atraviesan la membrana para entrar en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el citosol de los LOS Neisseria enterocitos.
• Los LOS Neisseria componentes lipídicos son:
  • Liposolubles → pueden cruzar la membrana de fosfolípidos sin moléculas de transporte especializadas
  • Resintetizados mediante esterificación en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el retículo endoplásmico
  • Reempaquetados como quilomicrones en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el aparato de Golgi
• Los LOS Neisseria quilomicrones salen de los LOS Neisseria enterocitos por su lado basolateral → entran en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la circulación linfática

Ácidos grasos de cadena corta y ácidos grasos de cadena media:

• En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el intestino delgado:
  • Los LOS Neisseria ácidos grasos de cadena corta y ácidos grasos de cadena media viajan a través de los LOS Neisseria enterocitos sin ayuda.
  • Los LOS Neisseria ácidos grasos de cadena corta y ácidos grasos de cadena media se absorben en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la circulación venosa → vena porta hepática → hígado
• En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el intestino grueso, los LOS Neisseria ácidos grasos de cadena corta utilizan el transportador de monocarboxilato de sodio 1:
  • Cotransportador de Na⁺/ácidos grasos de cadena corta
  • Utiliza el gradiente de Na⁺ generado por la bomba basolateral de Na⁺/K⁺
  • La bomba también ayuda en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la absorción de agua en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el intestino grueso.

Digestión y Absorción de Micronutrientes

Absorción de calcio ( Ca CA Condylomata acuminata are a clinical manifestation of genital HPV infection. Condylomata acuminata are described as raised, pearly, flesh-colored, papular, cauliflower-like lesions seen in the anogenital region that may cause itching, pain, or bleeding. Condylomata Acuminata (Genital Warts)²⁺)

• El Ca CA Condylomata acuminata are a clinical manifestation of genital HPV infection. Condylomata acuminata are described as raised, pearly, flesh-colored, papular, cauliflower-like lesions seen in the anogenital region that may cause itching, pain, or bleeding. Condylomata Acuminata (Genital Warts)²⁺ se absorbe a través de la membrana apical a través de transportadores de Ca CA Condylomata acuminata are a clinical manifestation of genital HPV infection. Condylomata acuminata are described as raised, pearly, flesh-colored, papular, cauliflower-like lesions seen in the anogenital region that may cause itching, pain, or bleeding. Condylomata Acuminata (Genital Warts)²⁺ (principalmente TRPV6).
• Calbindina: una proteína de unión a Ca CA Condylomata acuminata are a clinical manifestation of genital HPV infection. Condylomata acuminata are described as raised, pearly, flesh-colored, papular, cauliflower-like lesions seen in the anogenital region that may cause itching, pain, or bleeding. Condylomata Acuminata (Genital Warts)²⁺ intracelular que se une inmediatamente a todo el Ca CA Condylomata acuminata are a clinical manifestation of genital HPV infection. Condylomata acuminata are described as raised, pearly, flesh-colored, papular, cauliflower-like lesions seen in the anogenital region that may cause itching, pain, or bleeding. Condylomata Acuminata (Genital Warts)²⁺ absorbido y lo transporta a la membrana basolateral
  • Propósito:
    • El Ca CA Condylomata acuminata are a clinical manifestation of genital HPV infection. Condylomata acuminata are described as raised, pearly, flesh-colored, papular, cauliflower-like lesions seen in the anogenital region that may cause itching, pain, or bleeding. Condylomata Acuminata (Genital Warts)²⁺ libre podría actuar como una molécula de señalización intracelular.
    • Los LOS Neisseria altos niveles de Ca CA Condylomata acuminata are a clinical manifestation of genital HPV infection. Condylomata acuminata are described as raised, pearly, flesh-colored, papular, cauliflower-like lesions seen in the anogenital region that may cause itching, pain, or bleeding. Condylomata Acuminata (Genital Warts)²⁺ libre pueden ser tóxicos.
  • El nivel de calbindina en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la célula determina cuánto Ca CA Condylomata acuminata are a clinical manifestation of genital HPV infection. Condylomata acuminata are described as raised, pearly, flesh-colored, papular, cauliflower-like lesions seen in the anogenital region that may cause itching, pain, or bleeding. Condylomata Acuminata (Genital Warts)²⁺ se puede absorber.
• El Ca CA Condylomata acuminata are a clinical manifestation of genital HPV infection. Condylomata acuminata are described as raised, pearly, flesh-colored, papular, cauliflower-like lesions seen in the anogenital region that may cause itching, pain, or bleeding. Condylomata Acuminata (Genital Warts)²⁺ se absorbe a través de la membrana basolateral por:
  • Ca CA Condylomata acuminata are a clinical manifestation of genital HPV infection. Condylomata acuminata are described as raised, pearly, flesh-colored, papular, cauliflower-like lesions seen in the anogenital region that may cause itching, pain, or bleeding. Condylomata Acuminata (Genital Warts)²⁺ ATPasa
  • Intercambiador Ca CA Condylomata acuminata are a clinical manifestation of genital HPV infection. Condylomata acuminata are described as raised, pearly, flesh-colored, papular, cauliflower-like lesions seen in the anogenital region that may cause itching, pain, or bleeding. Condylomata Acuminata (Genital Warts)²⁺/Na⁺
• Nota: una pequeña cantidad de Ca CA Condylomata acuminata are a clinical manifestation of genital HPV infection. Condylomata acuminata are described as raised, pearly, flesh-colored, papular, cauliflower-like lesions seen in the anogenital region that may cause itching, pain, or bleeding. Condylomata Acuminata (Genital Warts)²⁺ también puede absorberse paracelularmente.
• Regulación:
  • La producción del transportador apical de Ca CA Condylomata acuminata are a clinical manifestation of genital HPV infection. Condylomata acuminata are described as raised, pearly, flesh-colored, papular, cauliflower-like lesions seen in the anogenital region that may cause itching, pain, or bleeding. Condylomata Acuminata (Genital Warts)²⁺ es inducida por:
    • Vitamina D
    • Estrógenos
  • La síntesis de calbindina es inducida por la vitamina D.

Absorción de hierro

• Se absorbe principalmente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el duodeno
• Fe³⁺ (la forma principal de hierro que se encuentra en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria alimentos) debe reducirse a Fe²⁺ para su absorción a través del citocromo B duodenal ubicado en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el borde en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum cepillo de los LOS Neisseria enterocitos.
• Absorción a través de la membrana apical:
  • Transportador de metales divalentes-1: un cotransportador especializado de Fe²⁺/H⁺ que absorbe la mayor parte del hierro no hemo
  • Dentro de las moléculas de hemo (e.g., de la carne)
• Dentro de la célula:
  • Mobilferrina: una proteína fijadora de hierro que se une al AL Amyloidosis Fe²⁺ y lo transporta a través del enterocito hasta la membrana basolateral
  • Hemo oxigenasa: libera Fe²⁺ del hemo → Fe²⁺ se une y es transportado por la mobilferrina
• Liberación a través de la membrana basolateral:
  • Ferroportina 1: una proteína de transporte unida a la membrana que libera Fe²⁺ en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el espacio intersticial
  • Hefestina:
    • Una ferroxidasa unida a la membrana dependiente de cobre
    • Oxida Fe²⁺ a Fe³⁺, que es necesario para que el hierro se mueva hacia los LOS Neisseria capilares y se una a la transferrina (proteína de transporte de hierro plasmático)
• Regulación:
  • Hepcidina:
    • Inactiva la ferroportina 1 (el principal producto regulador negativo de la absorción intestinal de hierro)
    • Relevancia clínica: la mutación/deficiencia de hepcidina produce hemocromatosis hereditaria.
  • El factor inducible por hipoxia-2α induce la síntesis de transportador de metales divalentes-1 y citocromo B duodenal → ↑ absorción
  • Hipoxia y anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types → ↑ absorción de hierro a través de:
    • ↓ Hepcidina → ↑ actividad de ferroportina 1
    • ↑ Factor inducible por hipoxia-2α
  • El ácido ascórbico (vitamina C) mejora la absorción.
  • Los LOS Neisseria fosfatos (presentes en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum tés, salvado de trigo) inhiben la absorción.

Digestión y absorción de otros micronutrientes

Vitaminas liposolubles:

• A, D, E y K
• Absorbidas con lípidos → empaquetadas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum micelas
• Absorbidas a través de la membrana apical → reempaquetadas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum quilomicrones
• Quilomicrones → liberados en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el líquido intersticial → absorbidos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la circulación linfática

Vitaminas hidrosolubles:

• Incluye todas las vitaminas B y vitamina C
• Se absorben principalmente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el intestino delgado:
  • Por transporte activo:
    • Vitamina C
    • Tiamina (B1)
    • Ácido pantoténico (B5)
    • Folato (B9)
    • Cobalamina (B12)
  • Por transporte pasivo y/o difusión facilitada:
    • Riboflavina (B2)
    • Niacina (B3)
    • Piridoxina (B6)
• Absorción de B12:
  • La vitamina B12 se une a las proteínas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria alimentos.
  • En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el estómago:
    • El ácido y la pepsina liberan vitamina B12 de las proteínas de la dieta.
    • La vitamina B12 se une a la haptocorrina.
    • Las células parietales liberan factor intrínseco.
  • En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el duodeno:
    • Las proteasas pancreáticas eliminan la haptocorrina de B12.
    • B12 se une al AL Amyloidosis factor intrínseco.
  • El complejo B12-factor intrínseco se absorbe por endocitosis mediada por receptor Receptor Receptors are proteins located either on the surface of or within a cell that can bind to signaling molecules known as ligands (e.g., hormones) and cause some type of response within the cell. Receptors en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el íleon terminal.
  • La vitamina B12 se secreta en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la sangre por transporte activo, donde se une a la transcobalamina.
• Relevancia clínica:
  • ↓ Vitamina C → escorbuto
  • ↓ Vitamina B1 → beriberi Beriberi A disease caused by a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1) and characterized by polyneuritis, cardiac pathology, and edema. The epidemic form is found primarily in areas in which white (polished) rice is the staple food, as in japan, china, the philippines, india, and other countries of southeast Asia. Water-soluble Vitamins and their Deficiencies; síndrome de Wernicke-Korsakoff
  • ↓ Vitamina B3 → pelagra
  • ↓ Folato y/o vitamina B12 → anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types megaloblástica
  • ↓ Folato en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el embarazo temprano → defectos del tubo neural en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum lactantes
  • Bypass gástrico → puede eliminar la mayoría de las células parietales → ↓ factor intrínseco → ↓ absorción de vitamina B12
  • Extirpación quirúrgica del íleon terminal → ↓ absorción de vitamina B12

Importancia Clínica de la Malabsorción y la Mala Digestión

La malabsorción implica muchos trastornos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria que el intestino no puede absorber los LOS Neisseria nutrientes, incluidos el agua y/o los LOS Neisseria electrolitos de la dieta. La mala digestión es un término estrechamente relacionado, que es la incapacidad del intestino para descomponer las moléculas grandes de los LOS Neisseria alimentos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum sus constituyentes más pequeños. La mala digestión puede afectar los LOS Neisseria macronutrientes (grasas, proteínas y carbohidratos), los LOS Neisseria micronutrientes (vitaminas, minerales) o ambos. La malabsorción y la mala digestión se presentan con pérdida de peso, diarrea, debilidad y fatiga.

• Etiologías de la mala digestión:
  • Ambiente anormal debido a:
    • Sobrecrecimiento bacteriano en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el intestino delgado
    • Síndrome de Zollinger-Ellison (hipersecreción de ácido gástrico que resulta en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum un pH pH The quantitative measurement of the acidity or basicity of a solution. Acid-Base Balance bajo)
  • Motilidad anormal debido a:
    • Gastroparesia diabética
    • Esclerosis sistémica
    • Disfunción tiroidea
  • Obstrucción biliar y/o colestasis
  • Deficiencia de sales biliares debido a:
    • Cirrosis hepática
    • Cirrosis biliar primaria
  • Enfermedades del páncreas:
    • Insuficiencia pancreática exocrina
    • Fibrosis Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. Bronchiolitis Obliterans quística
    • Pancreatitis Pancreatitis Inflammation of the pancreas. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of chronic pancreatitis. The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are alcoholic pancreatitis and gallstone pancreatitis. Acute Pancreatitis crónica
    • Cáncer de páncreas
  • Deficiencias de disacaridasa:
    • Deficiencia de lactasa (que resulta en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum intolerancia a la lactosa)
    • Deficiencia de sacarasa
• Etiologías de la malabsorción:
  • Epitelio agudamente anormal:
    • Infecciones intestinales agudas como la giardiasis Giardiasis An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan giardia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. Giardia/Giardiasis
    • Ingestión de alcohol
  • Epitelio crónicamente anormal:
    • Enfermedad celíaca
    • Enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal: enfermedad de Crohn y colitis Colitis Inflammation of the colon section of the large intestine, usually with symptoms such as diarrhea (often with blood and mucus), abdominal pain, and fever. Pseudomembranous Colitis ulcerosa
    • Isquemia intestinal
    • Enteritis Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the small intestine. Lactose Intolerance por radiación
    • Enfermedad de Whipple
  • Enfermedad infiltrativa: puede afectar tanto la motilidad como la capacidad de absorción
    • Linfoma
    • Sarcoidosis Sarcoidosis Sarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory disease that causes noncaseating granulomas. The exact etiology is unknown. Sarcoidosis usually affects the lungs and thoracic lymph nodes, but it can also affect almost every system in the body, including the skin, heart, and eyes, most commonly. Sarcoidosis
    • Amiloidosis
    • Esclerosis sistémica
• Malabsorción de carbohidratos:
  • Más comúnmente debido a la deficiencia de disacaridasas (e.g., lactasa)
  • Las bacterias del colon Colon The large intestines constitute the last portion of the digestive system. The large intestine consists of the cecum, appendix, colon (with ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments), rectum, and anal canal. The primary function of the colon is to remove water and compact the stool prior to expulsion from the body via the rectum and anal canal. Colon, Cecum, and Appendix: Anatomy fermentan los LOS Neisseria carbohidratos no absorbidos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum gases y ácidos grasos.
  • Produce flatulencia, distensión abdominal y diarrea
• Malabsorción de proteínas: La deficiencia puede resultar en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum atrofia muscular y edema Edema Edema is a condition in which excess serous fluid accumulates in the body cavity or interstitial space of connective tissues. Edema is a symptom observed in several medical conditions. It can be categorized into 2 types, namely, peripheral (in the extremities) and internal (in an organ or body cavity). Edema.
• Malabsorción de lípidos:
  • La deficiencia de lipasas impide la descomposición efectiva de las grasas.
  • Más comúnmente debido a insuficiencia pancreática
  • Resulta en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum:
    • Esteatorrea
    • Deficiencias de vitaminas liposolubles
    • Diarrea (estimulación de la secreción de agua en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el colon Colon The large intestines constitute the last portion of the digestive system. The large intestine consists of the cecum, appendix, colon (with ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments), rectum, and anal canal. The primary function of the colon is to remove water and compact the stool prior to expulsion from the body via the rectum and anal canal. Colon, Cecum, and Appendix: Anatomy por sales biliares no absorbidas)