Anquilostomiasis

Descripción General

Características generales

• Anquilostomas:
  • Longitud media del verme adulto: 10 mm
  • La cabeza suele estar curvada en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum dirección opuesta al AL Amyloidosis cuerpo: los LOS Neisseria vermes tienen un aspecto de “gancho”.
  • Los LOS Neisseria vermes macho tienen una bolsa copulatoria única en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum lugar de la cola curvada y puntiaguda que se observa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum otros nemátodos intestinales.
• Especies principales de anquilostomas que causan infecciones en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum humanos:
  • Ancylostoma duodenale Ancylostoma Duodenale Hookworm Infections:
    • 4 estructuras afiladas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum forma de dientes
    • Tiempo de vida: 1 año
  • Necator americanus Necator americanus A common parasite of humans in the moist tropics and subtropics. These organisms attach to villi in the small intestine and suck blood causing diarrhea, anorexia, and anemia. Hookworm Infections (anquilostoma del nuevo mundo):
    • Placas cortantes dorsal y ventral
    • Tiempo de vida: 3–5 años
• Otras especies:
  • A. ceylanicum A. ceylanicum Hookworm Infections:
    • Infecta a perros y gatos
    • Son la causa de infecciones zoonóticas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las regiones de Asia ASIA Spinal Cord Injuries y el Pacífico Sur
  • A. caninum
  • A. braziliense

Epidemiología

• Aproximadamente 500 millones de personas a nivel mundial se infectan anualmente por anquilostoma
• N. americanus es el agente causante a nivel mundial.
• Generalmente, A. duodenale A. duodenale Hookworm Infections se encuentra en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum:
  • Región mediterránea
  • Norte de la India
  • China
• Preferencia por los LOS Neisseria climas tropicales

Factores de riesgo del huésped

• Niños
• Embarazo
• Nivel socioeconómico bajo
• Caminar descalzo
• Malas condiciones sanitarias
• Mala higiene personal

Patogénesis

Reservorios y transmisión

• Reservorios:
  • A. duodenale A. duodenale Hookworm Infections y N. americanus: humanos
  • A. ceylanicum A. ceylanicum Hookworm Infections: perros y gatos
  • A. caninum: perros
• Mecanismos de transmisión:
  • Penetración directa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la piel
  • Ingestión de larvas (e.g., suministro de agua contaminada)
• Factores que facilitan la transmisión:
  • Contaminación fecal del suelo
  • Ambiente húmedo, cálido y templado en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el cual sobreviven las larvas
  • Contacto con la piel humana

Ciclo de vida

• Ambiente externo:
  • Los LOS Neisseria huevos de anquilostoma contaminan el suelo.
  • Los LOS Neisseria huevos eclosionan en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el suelo húmedo → larvas rabditiformes (viven 3–4 semanas) → maduran hasta convertirse en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum larvas filariformes (pueden penetrar la piel)
• Humanos:
  • Las larvas penetran la piel (normalmente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria pies) y entran en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el torrente sanguíneo.
  • Entran por el lado derecho del corazón → vasos pulmonares → alvéolos → árbol bronquial → tráquea → faringe → son deglutidas hacia el intestino
  • Se adhieren a la mucosa duodenal → los LOS Neisseria anquilostomas adultos maduran
  • Hembras adultas → ponen hasta 30 000 huevos al AL Amyloidosis día → expulsión fecal

Proceso de la enfermedad

• Penetración dérmica y migración por enzimas proteolíticas:
  • N. americanus → proteasa → destruye la elastina y el colágeno
  • A. duodenale A. duodenale Hookworm Infections → Proteínas segregadas por Ancylostoma (desarrollo del parásito) + enzima hialuronidasa (ruptura de la integridad dérmica)
  • La penetración produce irritación de la piel.
• Paso transpulmonar: puede causar síntomas respiratorios, incluyendo irritación de la faringe/vías respiratorias e inflamación eosinofílica
• Fijación duodenal y consumo de sangre:
  • Dientes o placas cortantes en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la cápsula bucal → se adhieren a la mucosa intestinal del huésped
  • La metaloproteasa y los LOS Neisseria péptidos anticoagulantes (inhiben el factor X Factor X Storage-stable glycoprotein blood coagulation factor that can be activated to factor Xa by both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. A deficiency of factor X, sometimes called stuart-prower factor deficiency, may lead to a systemic coagulation disorder. Hemostasis activado y el complejo factor VIIa/factor tisular) ayudan a digerir la sangre.
  • Consumo de sangre por parte de los LOS Neisseria gusanos y hemorragia:
    • Lleva a anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types (pérdida sanguínea) e hipoalbuminemia/desnutrición (pérdida de albúmina)
    • El consumo de sangre por N. americanus es un poco menor que el de A. duodenale A. duodenale Hookworm Infections (hay una variación significativa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las cantidades exactas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la literatura).
• Inmunosupresión:
  • Inhibidores de la proteasa del parásito → neutralizan las enzimas proteolíticas del huésped y reducen la absorción de sus nutrientes
  • El parásito induce la apoptosis Apoptosis A regulated cell death mechanism characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, including the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA, at regularly spaced, internucleosomal sites, I.e., DNA fragmentation. It is genetically-programmed and serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. Ischemic Cell Damage de los LOS Neisseria linfocitos T → Hiporrespuesta de los LOS Neisseria linfocitos T

Presentación Clínica

Penetración dérmica

• Al AL Amyloidosis momento de la penetración → reacción localizada (“prurito del suelo”)
  • Suele afectar a la zona entre los LOS Neisseria dedos de los LOS Neisseria pies
  • Se resuelve a los LOS Neisseria pocos días
• Larva migrans cutánea: pápula eritematosa → patrón serpiginoso característico (túneles bajo la piel)

Estadio pulmonar

• Síntomas:
  • Puede ser asintomático
  • Tos TOS Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a broad term used for a spectrum of syndromes related to the general region of the thoracic outlet, which involves the compression or irritation of elements of the brachial plexus, subclavian artery, or subclavian vein. Thoracic Outlet Syndrome o estornudos
  • Bronquitis
  • Hemoptisis
  • Síndrome de Löffler: neumonía eosinofílica
• Generalmente es autolimitante

Estadio gastrointestinal

• Cólicos o dolores abdominales
• Náuseas, vómitos, diarrea
• Flatulencia
• Hemorragia digestiva en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum casos graves ( melena Melena The black, tarry, foul-smelling feces that contain degraded blood. Gastrointestinal Bleeding o sangre oculta en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum heces)

Deterioro nutricional

• Retraso en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el desarrollo (el desarrollo mental y físico de los LOS Neisseria niños se ve VE Ventilation: Mechanics of Breathing afectado negativamente)
• Anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types ferropénica (depende de la carga de vermes)
• Edema Edema Edema is a condition in which excess serous fluid accumulates in the body cavity or interstitial space of connective tissues. Edema is a symptom observed in several medical conditions. It can be categorized into 2 types, namely, peripheral (in the extremities) and internal (in an organ or body cavity). Edema/ anasarca Anasarca Hookworm Infections (por la hipoalbuminemia)
• Infección crónica en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum mujeres embarazadas: bajo peso al AL Amyloidosis nacer

Diagnóstico y Tratamiento

Diagnóstico

• Microscopía de heces:
  • Identifica los LOS Neisseria huevos.
  • Los LOS Neisseria huevos fecales son detectables en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum unas 8 semanas ( en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la infección por N. americanus) y hasta en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum 38 semanas ( en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la infección por A. duodenale A. duodenale Hookworm Infections) después de la penetración en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la piel.
  • Antes del estadio gastrointestinal, los LOS Neisseria estudios de heces no son útiles.
• PCR PCR Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique that amplifies DNA fragments exponentially for analysis. The process is highly specific, allowing for the targeting of specific genomic sequences, even with minuscule sample amounts. The PCR cycles multiple times through 3 phases: denaturation of the template DNA, annealing of a specific primer to the individual DNA strands, and synthesis/elongation of new DNA molecules. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) de las heces
• Hemograma
  • Eosinofilia: un hallazgo importante que sugiere una infección parasitaria
  • Anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types microcítica (por deficiencia de hierro)
  • Albúmina baja

Tratamiento

Tratamiento médico:

• Medicamentos antiparasitarios:
  • Mebendazol (dosis múltiple)
  • Albendazol (dosis única)
  • Pamoato de pirantel
• Anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types
  • Suplemento de hierro (especialmente para mujeres embarazadas o lactantes)
  • Transfusión sanguínea cuando está indicada
• Soporte nutricional

Prevención:

• Esencial, ya que la reinfección es común
• Higiene (manipulación adecuada de los LOS Neisseria alimentos, consumo de agua potable, lavado de manos)
• Uso de calzado adecuado
• Eliminación sanitaria de las heces humanas
• Desparasitación periódica en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria grupos de alto riesgo

Diagnóstico Diferencial

• Malabsorción: incapacidad de la pared intestinal para absorber los LOS Neisseria productos degradados de los LOS Neisseria alimentos. Las manifestaciones incluyen pérdida de peso, diarrea, debilidad, anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types y fatiga. Las infecciones por anquilostoma causan malabsorción y generalmente presentan deficiencias nutricionales debido a la pérdida de hierro y proteínas. Otros trastornos de malabsorción que deben considerarse son la enfermedad celíaca y la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal. Es importante diferenciar otras causas, ya que el tratamiento es específico para la causa subyacente.
• Ascariasis Ascariasis Ascariasis is most often caused by A. lumbricoides. If symptomatic, characteristics typically follow 2 phases, which correlate with the migration of the parasite through the body. The early phase may include cough, dyspnea, and wheezing. The late phase typically includes abdominal discomfort, bloating, nausea, and intermittent diarrhea. Ascaris/Ascariasis: infección causada por el parásito Ascaris Ascaris Ascaris is a genus of parasitic nematodes. The infection, ascariasis, is most often caused by A. lumbricoides. Transmission occurs primarily via ingestion of water or food contaminated with Ascaris eggs. Most patients with ascariasis are asymptomatic. Ascaris/Ascariasis lumbricoides. La transmisión se produce por la ingestión de agua o alimentos contaminados. La mayoría de los LOS Neisseria pacientes son asintomáticos. Si los LOS Neisseria síntomas se presentan, pueden ser leves, solo con molestias abdominales, o graves, provocando una obstrucción intestinal. Otros síntomas, como la tos TOS Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a broad term used for a spectrum of syndromes related to the general region of the thoracic outlet, which involves the compression or irritation of elements of the brachial plexus, subclavian artery, or subclavian vein. Thoracic Outlet Syndrome, se deben a la migración de los LOS Neisseria vermes por el cuerpo.
• Triquinelosis: causada por una infección de Trichinella Trichinella Trichinellosis is an illness caused by infection with Trichinella. The most common causative parasite is Trichinella spiralis, which is usually found in pigs and transmitted to humans through the ingestion of undercooked meat. Once ingested, the parasite grows and matures within the intestinal walls. Symptoms occur during larval migration. Trichinella/Trichinellosis, comúnmente debida a T. spiralis (que se encuentra en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria cerdos). La transmisión se produce por la ingestión de carne poco cocinada. Una vez ingerido, el parásito pasa al AL Amyloidosis intestino. Los LOS Neisseria pacientes pueden presentar síntomas gastrointestinales similares a los LOS Neisseria de las infecciones por anquilostomas. Posteriormente se produce la diseminación por el torrente sanguíneo y las larvas alcanzan los LOS Neisseria músculos estriados. Los LOS Neisseria síntomas sistémicos incluyen fiebre, escalofríos, mialgias y edema Edema Edema is a condition in which excess serous fluid accumulates in the body cavity or interstitial space of connective tissues. Edema is a symptom observed in several medical conditions. It can be categorized into 2 types, namely, peripheral (in the extremities) and internal (in an organ or body cavity). Edema periorbital Periorbital Orbital and Preseptal Cellulitis. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante un examen serológico y se confirma con una biopsia muscular. La enfermedad sistémica se trata con medicamentos antiparasitarios y corticosteroides.
• Estrongiloidiasis: enfermedad causada por el verme redondo (nemátodo) Strongyloides. La estrongiloidiasis tiene diversas manifestaciones clínicas, como síntomas gastrointestinales y eosinofilia. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante la serología.