Anemia Hemolítica

Epidemiología y Etiología

Epidemiología

• 5% de todos los LOS Neisseria casos de anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types
• Las causas hereditarias se presentan en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las primeras etapas de la vida.
• La anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types hemolítica autoinmune es más común en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum adultos de mediana edad y adultos mayores.
• La esferocitosis hereditaria ligada al AL Amyloidosis cromosoma X afecta predominantemente a los LOS Neisseria varones.

Causas

Hemólisis intravascular

• Mecánica (válvulas protésicas mecánicas, hemodiálisis)
• Reacción a transfusiones
• Hemoglobinuria Hemoglobinuria The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine, indicating hemolysis of erythrocytes within the vascular system. After saturating the hemoglobin-binding proteins (haptoglobins), free hemoglobin begins to appear in the urine. Transfusion Reactions paroxística nocturna
• Infección ( sepsis Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by hypotension despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called septic shock. Sepsis and Septic Shock)
• Microangiopatías (síndrome urémico hemolítico, púrpura trombocitopénica trombótica, coagulación intravascular diseminada)

Hemólisis extravascular

• Anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types hemolítica intrínseca (defecto en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la estructura de la membrana o en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la forma de los LOS Neisseria eritrocitos)
  • Defecto de la membrana:
    • Esferocitosis hereditaria
  • Deficiencia enzimática:
    • Deficiencia de glucosa-6-fosfato deshidrogenasa ( G6PD G6PD Pentose Phosphate Pathway, por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés)
    • Deficiencia de piruvato quinasa
  • Hemoglobinopatía:
    • Anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types falciforme
    • Talasemia
• Anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types hemolítica extrínseca (eritrocitos recubiertos)
  • Anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types hemolítica autoinmune
    • Anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types por anticuerpos fríos
    • Anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types por anticuerpos calientes
  • Incompatibilidad ABO, incompatibilidad Rhesus
  • Medicamentos (e.g., rifampicina, antiinflamatorios no esteroideos, penicilina)
  • Infecciones ( malaria Malaria Malaria is an infectious parasitic disease affecting humans and other animals. Most commonly transmitted via the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito infected with microorganisms of the Plasmodium genus. Patients present with fever, chills, myalgia, headache, and diaphoresis. Plasmodium/Malaria), gangrena gaseosa
  • Hipersplenismo

Fisiopatología

La anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types hemolítica es una anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types normocítica.

• Hemólisis extravascular
  • La descomposición normal de los LOS Neisseria eritrocitos se produce en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el bazo cada 120 días.
  • Se produce un aumento del aclaramiento esplénico en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum:
    • Marcaje de glóbulos rojos por IgG IgG The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of igg, for example, igg1, igg2a, and igg2b. Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis/ IgM IgM A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (immunoglobulin mu-chains). Igm can fix complement. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin. Immunoglobulins: Types and Functions en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las enfermedades autoinmunes
    • Glóbulos rojos intrínsecamente defectuosos: anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types falciforme, esferocitosis, deficiencia de G6PD G6PD Pentose Phosphate Pathway
  • El aumento de la descomposición da lugar a un aumento del hemo que se convierte en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum bilirrubina.
  • Exceso de bilirrubina → bilirrubinemia no conjugada e ictericia
  • El hierro de la descomposición también comienza a acumularse en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el bazo.
  • El exceso de funcionamiento y depuración da lugar a la esplenomegalia.
• Hemólisis intravascular
  • Los LOS Neisseria eritrocitos se fragmentan al AL Amyloidosis pasar por la luz de un vaso estrecho (microangiopatía) o por válvulas protésicas (macroangiopatía).
  • La división de los LOS Neisseria eritrocitos da lugar a esquistocitos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el frotis.
  • La hemoglobina del torrente sanguíneo se une a la haptoglobina.
  • El exceso de hemo también se presenta en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la orina como hematuria Hematuria Presence of blood in the urine. Renal Cell Carcinoma/ hemoglobinuria Hemoglobinuria The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine, indicating hemolysis of erythrocytes within the vascular system. After saturating the hemoglobin-binding proteins (haptoglobins), free hemoglobin begins to appear in the urine. Transfusion Reactions.

Manifestaciones Clínicas

• Ictericia
• Esplenomegalia (principalmente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum causas extravasculares)
• Colelitiasis
• Hematuria Hematuria Presence of blood in the urine. Renal Cell Carcinoma/ hemoglobinuria Hemoglobinuria The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine, indicating hemolysis of erythrocytes within the vascular system. After saturating the hemoglobin-binding proteins (haptoglobins), free hemoglobin begins to appear in the urine. Transfusion Reactions
• Síntomas de anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types:
  • Falta de aire
  • Fatiga
  • Síncope
  • Taquicardia
• Los LOS Neisseria pacientes con células falciformes presentan síndromes de dolor Dolor Inflammation agudo.
• Los LOS Neisseria pacientes con deficiencia de G6PD G6PD Pentose Phosphate Pathway y los LOS Neisseria pacientes con hemoglobinuria Hemoglobinuria The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine, indicating hemolysis of erythrocytes within the vascular system. After saturating the hemoglobin-binding proteins (haptoglobins), free hemoglobin begins to appear in the urine. Transfusion Reactions paroxística nocturna presentan hematuria Hematuria Presence of blood in the urine. Renal Cell Carcinoma ocasional
• Los LOS Neisseria pacientes con anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types hemolítica autoinmune (fría) presentan sensibilidad al AL Amyloidosis frío.

Diagnóstico

General

• ↓ Hb Hb The oxygen-carrying proteins of erythrocytes. They are found in all vertebrates and some invertebrates. The number of globin subunits in the hemoglobin quaternary structure differs between species. Structures range from monomeric to a variety of multimeric arrangements. Gas Exchange, N-MCV, N-MCH
• Reticulocitosis (≥ 3%)
• Disminución del hematocrito
• Aumento de la deshidrogenasa láctica
• Disminución de la haptoglobina
• Aumento de la bilirrubina no conjugada

Hemólisis intravascular

• Hemoglobinuria Hemoglobinuria The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine, indicating hemolysis of erythrocytes within the vascular system. After saturating the hemoglobin-binding proteins (haptoglobins), free hemoglobin begins to appear in the urine. Transfusion Reactions/hemosiderinuria: hemoglobina que excede la capacidad de unión de la haptoglobina (más sensible)
• Esquistocitos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el frotis de sangre
• Prueba de Coombs indirecta (positiva para complemento)

Hemólisis extravascular

• Prueba de Coombs directa (positiva para IgM IgM A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (immunoglobulin mu-chains). Igm can fix complement. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin. Immunoglobulins: Types and Functions/ IgG IgG The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of igg, for example, igg1, igg2a, and igg2b. Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis)
• Frotis de sangre: esferocitos, anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types falciforme, aglutinación ( en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types hemolítica autoinmune por IgM IgM A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (immunoglobulin mu-chains). Igm can fix complement. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin. Immunoglobulins: Types and Functions)

Tratamiento

• Tratar la causa subyacente.
• Suplemento de ácido fólico para potenciar la eritrocitosis compensatoria.
• Controlar la hiperpotasemia debida al AL Amyloidosis aumento de la descomposición celular.
• Esplenectomía para enfermedades hemolíticas extravasculares

Diagnósticos Diferenciales

• Anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types falciforme: hemoglobinopatía hereditaria debida a una deficiencia en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la cadena de beta-globina. Es una enfermedad autosómica recesiva y se presenta con síntomas de hemólisis en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum condiciones de hipoxia.
• Talasemia: hemoglobinopatía hereditaria debida a una deficiencia de la cadena de alfa o beta-globina. Da lugar a una serie de síntomas basados en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum qué y cuántos genes Genes A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms. DNA Types and Structure se han suprimido. Los LOS Neisseria pacientes tienen hemólisis crónica y presentan síntomas de anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types hemolítica, lo que los LOS Neisseria hace HACE Altitude Sickness dependientes de transfusiones.
• Deficiencia de G6PD G6PD Pentose Phosphate Pathway: una deficiencia enzimática relacionada con un déficit de la actividad de la glucosa-6-fosfato deshidrogenasa. Los LOS Neisseria pacientes presentan hemólisis episódica debido a la exposición a un agente de estrés oxidativo.
• Esferocitosis hereditaria: una deficiencia hereditaria de las proteínas del citoesqueleto y de la membrana que estabilizan los LOS Neisseria eritrocitos. La deficiencia se traduce en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la pérdida de la forma bicóncava por una forma esférica.
• Síndrome urémico hemolítico: tríada de hemólisis, insuficiencia renal y disminución de las plaquetas, generalmente secundaria a una infección por Escherichia coli Escherichia coli The gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli is a key component of the human gut microbiota. Most strains of E. coli are avirulent, but occasionally they escape the GI tract, infecting the urinary tract and other sites. Less common strains of E. coli are able to cause disease within the GI tract, most commonly presenting as abdominal pain and diarrhea. Escherichia coli (O157:H7). La hemólisis microangiopática se debe a la adhesión de las plaquetas a las paredes vasculares.
• Coagulopatía intravascular diseminada: un desequilibrio entre la plasmina y la trombina conduce a la coagulación intravascular. Hay un consumo excesivo de plaquetas, factores de coagulación y fibrinógeno debido a la formación de trombos. La trombosis provoca la fragmentación de los LOS Neisseria eritrocitos.
• Esplenomegalia: en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las anemias hemolíticas se observa un agrandamiento del bazo debido a una sobrecarga de trabajo. Hay muchas otras causas de esplenomegalia: infiltración, flujo sanguíneo anormal y trastornos inmunológicos.