Citomegalovírus

O CMV é um vírus ubíquo de DNA DNA A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine). DNA Types and Structure de cadeia dupla, pertencente à família Herpesviridae Herpesviridae A family of enveloped, linear, double-stranded DNA viruses infecting a wide variety of animals. Subfamilies, based on biological characteristics, include: alphaherpesvirinae; betaherpesvirinae; and gammaherpesvirinae. Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and 2. As infeções por CMV podem ser transmitidas através de fluidos corporais, como o sangue, saliva Saliva The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptyalin. Salivary Glands: Anatomy, urina, sémen e leite materno. A infeção inicial é frequentemente assintomática no hospedeiro imunocompetente, ou pode apresentar sintomas de mononucleose. Após a infeção primária, o vírus torna-se latente. A reativação pode ocorrer em indivíduos imunodeprimidos, levando a condições como esofagite por CMV, colite, hepatite, retinite, encefalite e pneumonia Pneumonia Pneumonia or pulmonary inflammation is an acute or chronic inflammation of lung tissue. Causes include infection with bacteria, viruses, or fungi. In more rare cases, pneumonia can also be caused through toxic triggers through inhalation of toxic substances, immunological processes, or in the course of radiotherapy. Pneumonia.

Last updated: Dec 15, 2025

Editorial responsibility: Stanley Oiseth, Lindsay Jones, Evelin Maza

Classificação

Fluxograma de classificação de vírus de DNA

Identificação de vírus de DNA:
Os vírus podem ser classificados de várias formas. Contudo, a maioria dos vírus possui um genoma formado por DNA ou RNA. Os vírus com genoma de DNA podem ainda ser caracterizados como de cadeia simples ou dupla. Os vírus com envelope são revestidos por uma camada fina de membrana celular, que geralmente é retirada da célula hospedeira. Os vírus sem envelope são apelidados de vírus “nus”. Alguns vírus com envelope traduzem DNA em RNA antes de serem incorporados no genoma da célula hospedeira.

Imagem por Lecturio. Licença: CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

Características Gerais e Epidemiologia

Principais características do CMV

  • Também conhecido como HHV-5 HHV-5 CMV is a ubiquitous double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the herpesviridae family. CMV infections can be transmitted in bodily fluids, such as blood, saliva, urine, semen, and breast milk. The initial infection is usually asymptomatic in the immunocompetent host, or it can present with symptoms of mononucleosis. Cytomegalovirus
  • Taxonomia:
    • Família: Herpesviridae Herpesviridae A family of enveloped, linear, double-stranded DNA viruses infecting a wide variety of animals. Subfamilies, based on biological characteristics, include: alphaherpesvirinae; betaherpesvirinae; and gammaherpesvirinae. Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and 2
    • Subfamília: Betaherpesvirinae Betaherpesvirinae A subfamily of herpesviridae characterized by a relatively long replication cycle. Genera include: cytomegalovirus; muromegalovirus; and roseolovirus. Cytomegalovirus
    • Género: Citomegalovírus
  • Vírus de DNA DNA A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine). DNA Types and Structure:
    • Cadeia dupla
    • Linear
  • Estrutura:
    • Núcleo de DNA DNA A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine). DNA Types and Structure
    • Nucleocápside icosaédrica
    • Tegumento
    • Envelope fosfolipídico com glicoproteínas “spike”

Epidemiologia

  • Aproximadamente 60%–90% dos adultos têm anticorpos contra o CMV (infeção latente ao longo da vida).
  • A prevalência aumenta com a idade.
  • Etnia: maior prevalência em americanos negros não hispânicos e mexicanos-americanos
  • As maiores taxas de positividade estão associadas a:
    • Sexo feminino
    • Local de nascimento fora dos Estados Unidos
    • Baixa renda familiar e educação
    • Agregado familiar numeroso

Related videos

Patogénese

Reservatório

A estirpe de CMV associada à infeção humana é encontrada apenas em humanos.

Transmissão

  • Contacto com fluidos corporais infetados
  • Contacto sexual
  • Transfusão sanguínea
  • Transplante de órgãos
  • Perinatal
    • In utero (durante a viremia Viremia The presence of viruses in the blood. Erythema Infectiosum materna)
    • Durante o parto (por contacto com secreções vaginais)
    • Leite materno
  • Exposição profissional

Fatores de risco do hospedeiro

Pacientes imunodeprimidos apresentam maior risco de morbilidade e mortalidade por CMV.

  • VIH/ SIDA
  • Pacientes transplantados

Ciclo de replicação viral

  • As glicoproteínas virais ligam-se aos recetores da célula hospedeira → endocitose ou fusão com a membrana celular (mecanismo ainda pouco conhecido)
  • A cápside é transportada para o poro nuclear → o DNA DNA A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine). DNA Types and Structure é libertado no núcleo
  • Transcrição e replicação → montagem viral
  • Maturação através da membrana nuclear → montagem com proteínas do tegumento
  • Adquire envelope Envelope Bilayer lipid membrane acquired by viral particles during viral morphogenesis. Although the lipids of the viral envelope are host derived, various virus-encoded integral membrane proteins, i.e. Viral envelope proteins are incorporated there. Virology → libertado da célula

Fisiopatologia

Patogênese Citomegalovírus

Patogénese do CMV

Imagem por Lecturio. Licença: CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
  • O vírus infeta células epiteliais orais → replicação viral → células citomegálicas com inclusões nucleares de “olho de coruja”
  • Segue-se a resposta mediada por células ( mais MAIS Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome importante para controlar a infeção por CMV) → o vírus torna-se latente em:
    • Células progenitoras mieloides na medula óssea
    • Monócitos
    • Macrófagos
    • Linfócitos
  • Estado imundeprimido → pode ocorrer reativação → viremia Viremia The presence of viruses in the blood. Erythema Infectiosum → manifestações clínicas

Patologia

As células infetadas com CMV:

  • Expandem
  • Contêm corpos de inclusão virais (“olho de coruja”).

Doenças causadas pelo CMV

O espectro de apresentações clínicas com CMV é diverso e depende do estado imune do hospedeiro.

Mononucleose por CMV

A maioria dos pacientes imunocompetentes será assintomática. Na minoria sintomática, a apresentação mais MAIS Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome comum é uma síndrome semelhante à mononucleose infeciosa ( EBV EBV Epstein-barr virus (EBV) is a linear, double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the herpesviridae family. This highly prevalent virus is mostly transmitted through contact with oropharyngeal secretions from an infected individual. The virus can infect epithelial cells and B lymphocytes, where it can undergo lytic replication or latency. Epstein-Barr Virus).

  • Apresentação clínica:
    • Febre
    • Mal-estar
    • Cefaleia
    • Mialgias e artralgias
    • Erupção cutânea eritematosa maculopapular Maculopapular Dermatologic Examination em pacientes expostos a antibioterapia com beta-lactâmicos
    • Menos comum:
      • Faringite
      • Linfadenopatia
      • Hepatoesplenomegalia
  • Diagnóstico:
    • Linfocitose com linfócitos atípicos
    • Heterófilo negativo (teste monospot)
    • Serologia para anticorpos CMV
    • PCR PCR Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique that amplifies DNA fragments exponentially for analysis. The process is highly specific, allowing for the targeting of specific genomic sequences, even with minuscule sample amounts. The PCR cycles multiple times through 3 phases: denaturation of the template DNA, annealing of a specific primer to the individual DNA strands, and synthesis/elongation of new DNA molecules. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) para detetar o DNA DNA A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine). DNA Types and Structure de CMV
  • Tratamento: A maioria dos casos é autolimitada e não requer terapêutica antiviral Antiviral Antivirals for Hepatitis B.

CMV Congénito

O CMV congénito é uma das infeções perinatais TORCH (toxoplasmosis (toxoplasmose), other agents (outros agentes), rubella (rubéola), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and herpes simplex (vírus herpes simplex Herpes Simplex A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. Congenital TORCH Infections).

  • A maioria das crianças com infeção congénita por CMV é assintomática ao nascimento.
  • Os lactentes sintomáticos apresentam:
    • Erupção cutânea petequial
    • Coriorretinite
    • Icterícia
    • Hepatoesplenomegalia
    • Restrição de crescimento intrauterino
    • Microcefalia
    • Hipotonia
    • Surdez neurosensorial
Infecção por citomegalovírus

RMN de uma criança com citomegalovírus congénito que demonstra calcificações periventriculares, ventriculomegalia e hipoplasia cerebelar

Imagem: “Axial computed tomography (CT) image” por Departamento de Neurologia, Escola de Medicina da Universidade Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD EUA. Licença: CC BY 4.0

Infeções oportunistas

As infeções oportunistas são raras em hospedeiros imunocompetentes e geralmente são o resultado da reativação de uma infeção latente. Nota: As infeções exteriores aos gânglios linfáticos, baço e fígado são consideradas condições definidoras de SIDA.

  • Manifestações gastrointestinais:
    • Esofagite
    • Colite
    • Hepatite
    • Pancreatite
  • Manifestações neurológicas:
    • Encefalite
    • Síndrome de Guillain-Barré
  • Manifestações oculares:
    • Retinite
  • Manifestações cardiopulmonares:
    • Pneumonia Pneumonia Pneumonia or pulmonary inflammation is an acute or chronic inflammation of lung tissue. Causes include infection with bacteria, viruses, or fungi. In more rare cases, pneumonia can also be caused through toxic triggers through inhalation of toxic substances, immunological processes, or in the course of radiotherapy. Pneumonia
    • Pericardite
    • Miocardite
Retinite por CMV

Imagem de fundoscopia de retinite por CMV

Imagem: “Fundus photograph-CMV retinitis” por National Eye Institute. Licença: Domínio Público

Comparação de Herpesvírus

A tabela abaixo compara os 9 herpesvírus considerados endémicos em humanos; existem 115 espécies diferentes de herpesvírus no total, agrupadas em 3 famílias:

  • Alfa (infeta células epiteliais e produz infeção latente em neurónios pós-mitóticos)
  • Beta (infecta e produz infeção latente em vários tipos de células)
  • Gama (produz infeção latente, sobretudo em células linfóides)
Tabela: Comparação dos 9 herpesvírus considerados endémicos em humanos
HHV Nome comum Principais células-alvo Local de latência Apresentação clínica*
1
(grupo alfa)
HSV-1 Células mucoepiteliais Gânglios da raiz dorsal
  • Gengivoestomatite
  • Queratite
  • Panarício herpético
  • Encefalite
  • Hepatite
  • Esofagite
  • Pneumonia Pneumonia Pneumonia or pulmonary inflammation is an acute or chronic inflammation of lung tissue. Causes include infection with bacteria, viruses, or fungi. In more rare cases, pneumonia can also be caused through toxic triggers through inhalation of toxic substances, immunological processes, or in the course of radiotherapy. Pneumonia
2
(grupo alfa)
HSV-2
  • Herpes genital
  • Meningite
  • Proctite
3
(grupo alfa)
VZV
  • Varicela
  • Herpes Zoster Herpes Zoster Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a linear, double-stranded DNA virus in the Herpesviridae family. Shingles (also known as herpes zoster) is more common in adults and occurs due to the reactivation of VZV. Varicella-Zoster Virus/Chickenpox (Zona)
4
(grupo gama)
EBV EBV Epstein-barr virus (EBV) is a linear, double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the herpesviridae family. This highly prevalent virus is mostly transmitted through contact with oropharyngeal secretions from an infected individual. The virus can infect epithelial cells and B lymphocytes, where it can undergo lytic replication or latency. Epstein-Barr Virus
  • Células epiteliais
  • Células B
Células B de memória
  • Mononucleose infeciosa
  • Linfoma de Hodgkin
  • Linfoma de Burkitt
  • Leucoplasia pilosa oral
  • Carcinoma gástrico associado ao EBV EBV Epstein-barr virus (EBV) is a linear, double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the herpesviridae family. This highly prevalent virus is mostly transmitted through contact with oropharyngeal secretions from an infected individual. The virus can infect epithelial cells and B lymphocytes, where it can undergo lytic replication or latency. Epstein-Barr Virus
5
(grupo beta)
CMV
  • Monócitos
  • Linfócitos
  • Células epiteliais
Células progenitoras hematopoiéticas da medula óssea
  • Mononucleose por CMV
  • Retinite por CMV
  • Colite por CMV
  • Encefalite por CMV
6A, 6B
(grupo beta)
HHV-6 HHV-6 Human herpesvirus (HHV)-6 and HHV-7 are similar double-stranded DNA viruses belonging to the Herpesviridae family. Human herpesviruses are ubiquitous and infections are commonly contracted during childhood. Human Herpesvirus 6 and 7 células T Monócitos Roséola
7
(grupo beta)
HHV-7 HHV-7 Human herpesvirus (HHV)-6 and HHV-7 are similar double-stranded DNA viruses belonging to the Herpesviridae family. Human herpesviruses are ubiquitous and infections are commonly contracted during childhood. Human Herpesvirus 6 and 7 células T
8
(grupo gama)
Herpesvírus associado ao sarcoma de Kaposi Kaposi A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Hhv-8 is the suspected cause. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. AIDS-defining Conditions
  • Linfócitos
  • Células epiteliais
células B Sarcoma de Kaposi Kaposi A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Hhv-8 is the suspected cause. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. AIDS-defining Conditions
* Na coluna da “apresentação clínica”, encontram-se a negrito as doenças definidoras de SIDA.
CMV: citomegalovírus
EBV: vírus Epstein-Barr
HHV: Herpesvírus humano
HSV: vírus do herpes simplex
KSHV: herpesvírus associado ao sarcoma de Kaposi
VZV: vírus varicela-zoster

Referências

  1. Friel, T.J. (2021).  Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment of cytomegalovirus infections in immunocompetent adults. UpToDate. Retrieved May 26, 2021, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-clinical-manifestations-and-treatment-of-cytomegalovirus-infection-in-immunocompetent-adults
  2. Caliendo, A.M. (2020).  Overview of diagnostic tests for cytomegalovirus infection. UpToDate. Retrieved May 26, 2021, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-diagnostic-tests-for-cytomegalovirus-infection
  3. Demmler-Harrison, G.J.  (2021). Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: clinical features and diagnosis. UpToDate. Retrieved May 26, 2021, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/congenital-cytomegalovirus-infection-clinical-features-and-diagnosis
  4. Kaye, K.M. (2019). Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. MSD Manual Professional Version. Retrieved May 30, 2021, from https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/herpesviruses/cytomegalovirus-cmv-infection
  5. Gupta, M., Shorman, M. (2020). Cytomegalovirus. StatPearls. Retrieved May 30, 2021, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459185/
  6. Akhter, K., Wills, T.S. (2018). Cytomegalovirus. In Bronze, M.S. (Ed.), Medscape. Retrieved May 30, 2021, from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215702-overview
  7. Jean Beltram, P.M., Cristea, I.M. (2014). The life cycle and pathogenesis of human cytomegalovirus infection: lessons and proteomics. Expert Rev Proteomics 11:697–711. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1586/14789450.2014.971116

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