Pruebas de Función Renal

Descripción General

Anatomía de la nefrona

Nefrona:

• La unidad estructural y funcional básica del riñón
• Filtra y limpia la sangre y produce la orina
• Cada riñón contiene > 1 millón de nefronas.

Partes de la nefrona:

• Arteriola aferente: arteriola de la arteria renal que entra en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el glomérulo
• Arteriola eferente: arteriola de la arteria renal que sale del glomérulo
• Glomérulo: ovillo capilar que recibe su irrigación de una arteriola aferente de la circulación renal
• Cápsula de Bowman: envuelve el glomérulo
• Túbulo renal: tubo contorneado que convierte el filtrado de sangre en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum orina.
  • Túbulo contorneado proximal: porción cercana al AL Amyloidosis glomérulo en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la corteza renal
  • Asa ASA Anterior Cord Syndrome de Henle: forma un asa ASA Anterior Cord Syndrome (con ramas descendentes y ascendentes) que atraviesa la médula renal
  • Túbulo contorneado distal: porción del túbulo restringida a la corteza renal

Fisiología de la producción de orina

La orina es un subproducto de desecho compuesto por exceso de agua y desechos metabólicos filtrados del torrente sanguíneo por las nefronas. La formación de orina es un proceso gradual.

• Filtración glomerular:
  • Los LOS Neisseria riñones filtran alrededor de 180 L de plasma Plasma The residual portion of blood that is left after removal of blood cells by centrifugation without prior blood coagulation. Transfusion Products por día (125 mL/min).
  • Tiene lugar dentro del glomérulo
  • El agua y los LOS Neisseria desechos nitrogenados se filtran de la sangre y forman un filtrado glomerular.
  • Los LOS Neisseria componentes no filtrables salen del glomérulo a través de la arteriola eferente.
• Reabsorción tubular:
  • Reabsorción de nutrientes arrojados por el glomérulo
  • Ocurre en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el túbulo contorneado proximal
  • Puede ser pasiva (siguiendo un gradiente) o activa (usando energía generada por adenosin trifosfato (ATP, por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés)
  • Reabsorción de agua y electrolitos regulada hormonalmente
• Secreción tubular:
  • Productos indeseables como desechos metabólicos, urea Urea A compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. Urea Cycle, ácido úrico y ciertos medicamentos
  • La mayor parte de la secreción tubular ocurre en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el túbulo contorneado distal.

Parámetros Serológicos de la Función Renal

Creatinina y tasa de filtración glomerular (TFG) estimada

El marcador más utilizado para evaluar la función renal es la medición de la creatinina excretada, a partir de la cual se puede calcular la TFG estimada.

• Creatinina: subproducto del metabolismo del fosfato de creatina en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el músculo:
  • Producida a una tasa constante por el cuerpo
  • La cantidad producida por día depende de la masa muscular y el consumo de carne
  • Eliminada completamente de la sangre por el riñón
  • Marcador endógeno de uso común para la evaluación de la función glomerular: aclaramiento calculado de creatinina → TFG estimada
• Valores séricos promedios:
  • Dependen del sexo y la etnia
  • 1,13 mg/dL para hombres (mayor masa muscular y excreción de creatinina)
  • 0,93 mg/dL para mujeres (menor masa muscular y excreción de creatinina)
  • Se ha HA Hemolytic anemia (HA) is the term given to a large group of anemias that are caused by the premature destruction/hemolysis of circulating red blood cells (RBCs). Hemolysis can occur within (intravascular hemolysis) or outside the blood vessels (extravascular hemolysis). Hemolytic Anemia demostrado que los LOS Neisseria valores promedios son más altos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria afroamericanos no hispanos → debe considerarse al AL Amyloidosis calcular la TFG estimada
• El aclaramiento de creatinina debe corregirse según el área de superficie corporal.
• El aclaramiento de creatinina sobrestima la TFG en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum alrededor de 10%–20% debido a la secreción tubular.

Tasa de filtración glomerular (TFG)

• El indicador global más exacto de la función glomerular
• Velocidad ( en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum mililitros por minuto) a la que se filtra una sustancia en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el plasma Plasma The residual portion of blood that is left after removal of blood cells by centrifugation without prior blood coagulation. Transfusion Products a través de los LOS Neisseria glomérulos
• Comúnmente medido mediante la administración de inulina:
  • Polisacárido que no se puede descomponer y se filtra por completo
  • Se utiliza como marcador midiendo la velocidad a la que aparece en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la orina
• Requiere mucho tiempo y su medición es costosa → se realiza solo en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum centros especializados

Nitrógeno de urea Urea A compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. Urea Cycle en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum sangre (BUN, por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés)

• Los LOS Neisseria procesos metabólicos normales (incluido el ciclo de la urea Urea A compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. Urea Cycle) dan como resultado la producción de amoníaco rico en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum nitrógeno en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el hígado.
• El amoníaco se refina aún más a urea Urea A compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. Urea Cycle y se excreta principalmente (85%) por los LOS Neisseria riñones.
• La medición de la excreción de urea Urea A compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. Urea Cycle como marcador de la función renal es menos precisa que la de la creatinina, pero aumenta de forma más temprana en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la enfermedad renal.
• Otros estados patológicos pueden conducir a una excreción elevada de urea Urea A compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. Urea Cycle:
  • Hemorragia digestiva alta
  • Deshidratación
  • Estados catabólicos
  • Dietas altas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum proteínas

Relación BUN:creatinina

Proporciona información más útil que cualquiera de ambas pruebas por sí solas:

• Distinguir las causas prerrenales de las renales de insuficiencia renal
• En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la enfermedad prerrenal, la proporción es cercana a 20:1
• En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la enfermedad renal intrínseca, la relación está más cerca de 10:1

Cistatina C

• Proteína de bajo peso molecular, funciona como inhibidor de proteasa
• La cistatina C se mide en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum suero y orina: normalmente no se encuentra en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la orina.
• Los LOS Neisseria niveles séricos de cistatina C están inversamente correlacionados con la TFG.
• Se forma a una velocidad constante → filtrada por los LOS Neisseria riñones → reabsorbida y metabolizada por los LOS Neisseria túbulos renales proximales
• Menos dependiente de la edad, sexo, origen étnico, dieta y masa muscular en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum comparación con la creatinina
• Puede ser más específica que la creatinina para la estimación de la TFG

Análisis de Orina

Hay 3 componentes básicos para el análisis de orina:

• Examen macroscópico
• Análisis químico (generalmente realizado con tira reactiva de orina)
• Examen microscópico

Examen macroscópico

• Turbidez: evaluación visual de cuán turbia es la orina
• Color:
  • Amarillo-ámbar: normal
  • Amarillo-turbio: causas infecciosas (piuria)
  • Naranja: deshidratación
  • Rojo: hemólisis
  • Marrón oscuro: mioglobinuria (debido a rabdomiólisis)
  • Negro parduzco a negro: alcaptonuria
  • Verde u oscuro con un tono verdoso: ictericia (bilirrubinuria)

Análisis químico

• Nitritos: indica la presencia de bacterias coliformes
• Esterasa leucocitaria: indica la presencia de leucocitos
• Proteínas:
  • Albuminuria Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of kidney diseases. Kidney Function Tests: aumento de la permeabilidad de los LOS Neisseria glomérulos, generalmente secundaria a enfermedades crónicas como la diabetes Diabetes Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia and dysfunction of the regulation of glucose metabolism by insulin. Type 1 DM is diagnosed mostly in children and young adults as the result of autoimmune destruction of β cells in the pancreas and the resulting lack of insulin. Type 2 DM has a significant association with obesity and is characterized by insulin resistance. Diabetes Mellitus mellitus
  • Gonadotropina coriónica humana (hCG, por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés): aparece durante el embarazo en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum mujeres y cáncer testicular en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum hombres
• pH pH The quantitative measurement of the acidity or basicity of a solution. Acid-Base Balance: el rango normal es de 4,5–8; los LOS Neisseria niveles elevados o reducidos de pH pH The quantitative measurement of the acidity or basicity of a solution. Acid-Base Balance en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la orina están asociados con cálculos renales o infecciones.
• Gravedad específica:
  • Detecta la concentración de iones de la orina
  • Valor < 1 010 indica orina diluida.
  • Valor > 1 020 indica orina concentrada.
• Glucosa ( glucosuria Glucosuria Diabetes Mellitus), observada en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum diabetes Diabetes Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia and dysfunction of the regulation of glucose metabolism by insulin. Type 1 DM is diagnosed mostly in children and young adults as the result of autoimmune destruction of β cells in the pancreas and the resulting lack of insulin. Type 2 DM has a significant association with obesity and is characterized by insulin resistance. Diabetes Mellitus mellitus
• Cuerpos cetónicos, observados en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la cetoacidosis diabética
• Bilirrubina: aumentada debido a hemólisis de eritrocitos y daño hepático
• Urobilinógeno: se observan niveles elevados en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum daño hepático.

Examen microscópico

• Células:
  • Eritrocitos ( hematuria Hematuria Presence of blood in the urine. Renal Cell Carcinoma): diversas etiologías renales, vesicales o uretrales
  • Acantocitos: eritrocitos dismórficos observados en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la enfermedad glomerular
  • Cilindros de eritrocitos: observados en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum glomerulonefritis o emergencia hipertensiva
  • Leucocitos: causas infecciosas (piuria)
• Cilindros urinarios:
  • Estructuras cilíndricas microscópicas formadas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el túbulo contorneado distal y los LOS Neisseria conductos colectores de los LOS Neisseria riñones
  • Presentes en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la orina en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum ciertas enfermedades

Relevancia Clínica

Las siguientes afecciones están asociadas con pruebas de función renal anormales:

• Insuficiencia renal aguda: clasificada en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum categorías prerrenal, intrínseca y posrenal, según la etiología. La insuficiencia renal aguda se caracteriza por disminución de la diuresis, acidosis Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up. Respiratory Acidosis metabólica, fatiga, confusión y náuseas. Las pruebas de laboratorio muestran niveles elevados de creatinina.
• Enfermedad renal crónica (ERC): caracterizada por el deterioro progresivo de la función renal. Los LOS Neisseria síntomas y hallazgos asociados de la ERC incluyen fatiga, retención de agua, prurito, debilidad muscular, confusión y neuropatía periférica. El tratamiento incluye hemodiálisis o diálisis peritoneal y trasplante renal en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum combinación con medidas de soporte.
• Síndrome de lisis tumoral: complicación del tratamiento del cáncer cuando grandes cantidades de células se rompen repentinamente como resultado de la quimioterapia. El síndrome de lisis tumoral generalmente ocurre con leucemias agudas y linfomas no Hodgkin, pero también puede ocurrir con otras neoplasias malignas hematológicas o tumores sólidos. El síndrome puede conducir a insuficiencia renal aguda en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum asociación con una serie de anomalías metabólicas (hipocalcemia, hiperfosfatemia, hiperpotasemia, hiperuricemia). Los LOS Neisseria medicamentos para reducir el ácido úrico pueden prevenir el síndrome y deben iniciarse antes de la quimioterapia.
  

Las siguientes afecciones están asociadas con un análisis de orina anormal:

• Glomerulonefritis: la glomerulonefritis aguda se define como una lesión glomerular que se acompaña de inflamación de los LOS Neisseria glomérulos. La glomerulonefritis aguda es una constelación clínica de aparición repentina de hematuria Hematuria Presence of blood in the urine. Renal Cell Carcinoma y proteinuria Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of kidney diseases. Nephrotic Syndrome in Children, edema Edema Edema is a condition in which excess serous fluid accumulates in the body cavity or interstitial space of connective tissues. Edema is a symptom observed in several medical conditions. It can be categorized into 2 types, namely, peripheral (in the extremities) and internal (in an organ or body cavity). Edema e hipertensión con o sin cilindros de eritrocitos y puede deberse a una serie de patologías subyacentes, como infección, trastornos del tejido conectivo, toxicidad por medicamentos, discrasias hematológicas, enfermedades de la membrana basal glomerular y trastornos hereditarios.
• Rabdomiólisis: síndrome clínico caracterizado por la ruptura del músculo esquelético. La liberación aguda de proteína muscular (mioglobina) en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la circulación va VA Ventilation: Mechanics of Breathing seguida de mioglobinuria, que puede provocar insuficiencia renal aguda. La rabdomiólisis puede seguir a un traumatismo, sepsis Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by hypotension despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called septic shock. Sepsis and Septic Shock o exposición a medicamentos. El diagnóstico se establece por los LOS Neisseria antecedentes y el hallazgo de creatina quinasa elevada en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el suero.
• Cetoacidosis diabética: complicación metabólica aguda de la diabetes Diabetes Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia and dysfunction of the regulation of glucose metabolism by insulin. Type 1 DM is diagnosed mostly in children and young adults as the result of autoimmune destruction of β cells in the pancreas and the resulting lack of insulin. Type 2 DM has a significant association with obesity and is characterized by insulin resistance. Diabetes Mellitus caracterizada por hiperglucemia (> 11 mmol/L), cetonemia (> 31 mg/mL)/ cetonuria (3+) y acidosis Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up. Respiratory Acidosis metabólica ( pH pH The quantitative measurement of the acidity or basicity of a solution. Acid-Base Balance < 7,3). La cetoacidosis diabética ocurre principalmente con la diabetes Diabetes Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia and dysfunction of the regulation of glucose metabolism by insulin. Type 1 DM is diagnosed mostly in children and young adults as the result of autoimmune destruction of β cells in the pancreas and the resulting lack of insulin. Type 2 DM has a significant association with obesity and is characterized by insulin resistance. Diabetes Mellitus mellitus tipo 1. El tratamiento incluye insulina, líquidos intravenosos y prevención de la hipopotasemia.