Mycoplasma

Características Generales

• Pleomórfico:
  • Forma de pera o bastón filamentoso
  • Las colonias tienen forma característica de “huevo frito”.
• La membrana celular está compuesta de esteroles: se requiere un suplemento de esteroles para el crecimiento en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum un laboratorio.
• No tiene pared celular: por lo tanto, no se tiñe con tinción de Gram
• Requiere medios de crecimiento enriquecidos con ácidos nucleicos para crecer
• Las bacterias de vida libre más pequeñas

Patogénesis

• Factores de virulencia:
  • Proteína de adherencia P1: favorece la adherencia al AL Amyloidosis epitelio respiratorio
  • Producción de especies reactivas de oxígeno: daña el epitelio respiratorio
• Reservorios:
  • Humanos:
    • Portadores asintomáticos
    • Infectados sintomáticos
• Transmisión:
  • Transmisión de persona a persona
    • M. pneumoniae: inhalación de gotículas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum aerosol y contacto con fómites
    • M. hominis y M. genitalium: contacto sexual
  • Los LOS Neisseria vectores infectados son contagiosos durante aproximadamente 10 días desde la infección.
  • La transmisión requiere períodos prolongados de contacto cercano.
• Factores de alto riesgo:
  • Edad, principalmente adultos jóvenes
  • Aquellos que viven en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum espacios cerrados:
    • Reclutas militares
    • Prisioneros

Enfermedades Causadas por Mycoplasma

M. pneumoniae

La patología causada por la bacteria Bacteria Bacteria are prokaryotic single-celled microorganisms that are metabolically active and divide by binary fission. Some of these organisms play a significant role in the pathogenesis of diseases. Bacteriology M. pneumoniae es variada; sin embargo, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento son estándar:

• Infección respiratoria:
  • Neumonía atípica o “errante”:
    • Cefalea de inicio insidioso, malestar general, febrícula y tos TOS Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a broad term used for a spectrum of syndromes related to the general region of the thoracic outlet, which involves the compression or irritation of elements of the brachial plexus, subclavian artery, or subclavian vein. Thoracic Outlet Syndrome no productiva
    • Puede estar asociado con anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types hemolítica autoinmune
  • Traqueobronquitis (bronquitis):
    • Inflamación de los LOS Neisseria bronquios
    • Se presenta con tos TOS Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a broad term used for a spectrum of syndromes related to the general region of the thoracic outlet, which involves the compression or irritation of elements of the brachial plexus, subclavian artery, or subclavian vein. Thoracic Outlet Syndrome no productiva, fiebre, cefalea, dolor Dolor Inflammation de garganta, exudados faríngeos y linfadenopatía cervical
  • Faringitis:
    • Puede preceder a la neumonía
    • Presentaciones más leves de la infección por M. pneumoniae
    • Se parece a la faringitis producida por infecciones por Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus is one of the two medically important genera of gram-positive cocci, the other being Staphylococcus. Streptococci are identified as different species on blood agar on the basis of their hemolytic pattern and sensitivity to optochin and bacitracin. There are many pathogenic species of streptococci, including S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, S. pneumoniae, and the viridans streptococci. Streptococcus del grupo A no exudativas o faringitis viral
• Síndrome mucocutáneo:
  • Erupción urticaria Urticaria Urticaria is raised, well-circumscribed areas (wheals) of edema (swelling) and erythema (redness) involving the dermis and epidermis with associated pruritus (itch). Urticaria is not a single disease but rather is a reaction pattern representing cutaneous mast cell degranulation. Urticaria (Hives) leve
  • Eritema multiforme
  • Síndrome de Stevens-Johnson
  • Erupción y mucositis Mucositis Stomatitis is a general term referring to inflammation of the mucous membranes of the mouth, which may include sores. Stomatitis can be caused by infections, autoimmune disorders, allergic reactions, or exposure to irritants. The typical presentation may be either solitary or a group of painful oral lesions. Stomatitis inducidas por M. pneumoniae
• Afectación del sistema nervioso central (SNC):
  • Infección directa: meningitis Meningitis Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes of the brain, and spinal cord. The causes of meningitis are varied, with the most common being bacterial or viral infection. The classic presentation of meningitis is a triad of fever, altered mental status, and nuchal rigidity. Meningitis
  • Procesos inflamatorios autoinmunes postinfecciosos causados por una reacción cruzada entre anticuerpos contra Mycoplasma Mycoplasma Mycoplasma is a species of pleomorphic bacteria that lack a cell wall, which makes them difficult to target with conventional antibiotics and causes them to not gram stain well. Mycoplasma bacteria commonly target the respiratory and urogenital epithelium. Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae), the causative agent of atypical or “walking” pneumonia. Mycoplasma y galactocerebrósido:
    • Encefalomielitis aguda diseminada
    • Síndrome de Guillain-Barré
• Hemólisis:
  • La infección provoca la alteración del antígeno I en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria eritrocitos → conduce a la producción de inmunoglobulina ( IgM IgM A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (immunoglobulin mu-chains). Igm can fix complement. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin. Immunoglobulins: Types and Functions) y hemólisis autoinmune
  • Se observa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el 60% de las infecciones
  • Generalmente autolimitante, no requiere tratamiento
• Diagnóstico:
  • El cuadro clínico generalmente es suficiente
  • Pruebas de laboratorio:
    • Cultivo: crece en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum agar Eaton, pero generalmente la reacción en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum cadena de la polimerasa ( PCR PCR Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique that amplifies DNA fragments exponentially for analysis. The process is highly specific, allowing for the targeting of specific genomic sequences, even with minuscule sample amounts. The PCR cycles multiple times through 3 phases: denaturation of the template DNA, annealing of a specific primer to the individual DNA strands, and synthesis/elongation of new DNA molecules. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés) es más sensible
    • Altos títulos de aglutinina fría ( IgM IgM A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (immunoglobulin mu-chains). Igm can fix complement. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin. Immunoglobulins: Types and Functions)
    • Amplificación de ácidos nucleicos ( PCR PCR Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique that amplifies DNA fragments exponentially for analysis. The process is highly specific, allowing for the targeting of specific genomic sequences, even with minuscule sample amounts. The PCR cycles multiple times through 3 phases: denaturation of the template DNA, annealing of a specific primer to the individual DNA strands, and synthesis/elongation of new DNA molecules. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR))
  • Radiografía de tórax: infiltrados intersticiales difusos sin exudados alveolares (luce peor de lo esperado en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum comparación con los LOS Neisseria síntomas clínicos)
• Tratamiento:
  • Macrólidos, tetraciclinas o fluoroquinolonas respiratorias
    • La resistencia a los LOS Neisseria macrólidos está aumentando, especialmente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum Asia ASIA Spinal Cord Injuries; utilice tetraciclinas o fluoroquinolonas respiratorias si se sospecha resistencia.
  • Las penicilinas (y otros inhibidores de la síntesis de la pared celular) son ineficaces porque Mycoplasma Mycoplasma Mycoplasma is a species of pleomorphic bacteria that lack a cell wall, which makes them difficult to target with conventional antibiotics and causes them to not gram stain well. Mycoplasma bacteria commonly target the respiratory and urogenital epithelium. Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae), the causative agent of atypical or “walking” pneumonia. Mycoplasma no tiene pared celular.

Mycoplasma hominis Mycoplasma hominis A common inhabitant of the vagina and cervix and a potential human pathogen, causing infections of the male and female reproductive tracts. It has also been associated with respiratory disease and pharyngitis. Mycoplasma, Mycoplasma genitalium Mycoplasma genitalium A species of gram-negative bacteria originally isolated from urethral specimens of patients with non-gonococcal urethritis. In primates it exists in parasitic association with ciliated epithelial cells in the genital and respiratory tracts. Mycoplasma

• Menos común, se sabe que causa enfermedad del tracto urogenital:
  • Pielonefritis
  • Enfermedad pélvica inflamatoria
  • Fiebre postaborto
  • Fiebre postparto
• Diagnóstico:
  • Sospecha clínica en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum pacientes de riesgo:
    • Inmunocomprometidos
    • Recién nacidos prematuros
    • Sepsis Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by hypotension despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called septic shock. Sepsis and Septic Shock concomitante
  • Pruebas de laboratorio:
    • Cultivo: difícil y de crecimiento lento
    • Pruebas con PCR PCR Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique that amplifies DNA fragments exponentially for analysis. The process is highly specific, allowing for the targeting of specific genomic sequences, even with minuscule sample amounts. The PCR cycles multiple times through 3 phases: denaturation of the template DNA, annealing of a specific primer to the individual DNA strands, and synthesis/elongation of new DNA molecules. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): más rápidas, pero realizadas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum pocos centros especializados
• Tratamiento:
  • Tetraciclinas
  • Fluoroquinolonas
  • Clindamicina