Leptospira/Leptospirosis

Características Generales

Leptospira Leptospira Leptospira is a spiral or question mark-shaped, gram-negative spirochete with hook-shaped ends. The disease, leptospirosis, is a zoonosis, infecting animals. Rodents are the most important reservoir. Bacteria shed in the urine of rodents and other animals can be transmitted to humans via contaminated water. Leptospira/Leptospirosis

• Características:
  • Una espiroqueta
  • Estructura:
    • Espiral o con forma de signo de interrogación
    • Tiene extremos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum forma de gancho (diferencia a Leptospira Leptospira Leptospira is a spiral or question mark-shaped, gram-negative spirochete with hook-shaped ends. The disease, leptospirosis, is a zoonosis, infecting animals. Rodents are the most important reservoir. Bacteria shed in the urine of rodents and other animals can be transmitted to humans via contaminated water. Leptospira/Leptospirosis de otras espiroquetas)
  • Necesidad de oxígeno: aeróbico
  • Tinción de Gram: gram-negativa (se tiñe mal)
  • Otra(s) tinción(es): tinción de plata
  • Microscopía:
    • Se visualiza mejor con microscopía de campo oscuro
    • Microscopía de fluorescencia
  • Cultivo: se requieren medios especiales
• Enfermedades asociadas (zoonosis):
  • Leptospirosis Leptospirosis Leptospira is a spiral or question mark-shaped, gram-negative spirochete with hook-shaped ends. The major clinical species is Leptospira interrogans, which causes a mild flu-like illness in a majority of cases. The manifestations are biphasic, with Leptospira found in the blood initially. Leptospira/Leptospirosis (anictérica)
  • Enfermedad de Weil (icterohemorrágica)

Especies clínicamente relevantes

Hay tipos patógenos (causantes de enfermedades) y saprófitos (de vida libre y, por lo general, no causan enfermedades). Los LOS Neisseria siguientes tipos son todos patógenos:

• L. interrogans (más prevalente)
• L. kirschneri
• L. noguchii
• L. alexanderi
• L. weilii
• L. alstonii
• L. borgpetersenii
• L. santarosai
• L. kmetyi
• L. mayottensis

Epidemiología

• 1,03 millones de casos de leptospirosis Leptospirosis Leptospira is a spiral or question mark-shaped, gram-negative spirochete with hook-shaped ends. The major clinical species is Leptospira interrogans, which causes a mild flu-like illness in a majority of cases. The manifestations are biphasic, with Leptospira found in the blood initially. Leptospira/Leptospirosis con 58 900 muertes anuales a nivel mundial
• Mayor morbilidad y mortalidad por enfermedades en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el sur y sureste de Asia ASIA Spinal Cord Injuries, Oceanía, el Caribe, América Latina y África
• La falta de pruebas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum muchas áreas dificulta estimar el número de casos de leptospirosis Leptospirosis Leptospira is a spiral or question mark-shaped, gram-negative spirochete with hook-shaped ends. The major clinical species is Leptospira interrogans, which causes a mild flu-like illness in a majority of cases. The manifestations are biphasic, with Leptospira found in the blood initially. Leptospira/Leptospirosis
• Estados Unidos: la mayoría de los LOS Neisseria casos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum Hawái (128/100 000 habitantes al AL Amyloidosis año)
• Temporadas altas:
  • Verano y otoño en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria hemisferios norte y sur
  • Temporada de lluvias en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria trópicos

Patogénesis

Reservorios

• Los LOS Neisseria animales están infectados y pueden ser asintomáticos.
• Los LOS Neisseria animales infectados (solo mamíferos) liberan Leptospira Leptospira Leptospira is a spiral or question mark-shaped, gram-negative spirochete with hook-shaped ends. The disease, leptospirosis, is a zoonosis, infecting animals. Rodents are the most important reservoir. Bacteria shed in the urine of rodents and other animals can be transmitted to humans via contaminated water. Leptospira/Leptospirosis a través de la orina:
  • Roedores (reservorio más importante)
  • Animales domésticos
  • Ganado domesticado

Transmisión

• Bacterias transmitidas por:
  • Agua o suelo contaminado con orina o sangre animal
  • Tejido animal infectado
• Portales de entrada en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum humanos:
  • Piel erosionada
  • Membranas mucosas
  • Conjuntiva
  • En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum raras ocasiones, por ingestión de alimentos contaminados con orina
  • Infección transplacentaria (frecuencia desconocida)
• Período de incubación: 5–14 días (puede llegar hasta los LOS Neisseria 30 días)

Virulencia y proceso patológico

• Factores bacterianos que afectan la patogenicidad:
  • Lipopolisacárido (un importante estímulo antigénico)
  • Hemolisinas (lisis de eritrocitos y membranas celulares)
  • Reguladores del complemento (ayudan a evadir el sistema del complemento)
  • Factores de adherencia como las proteínas de la membrana externa (se unen a la matriz extracelular del huésped)
  • Enzimas (hidrolizan la matriz extracelular y algunas inactivan el sistema del complemento)
• Proceso patológico:
  • Fase leptospirémica/bacterémica:
    • Una vez en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el huésped, las espiroquetas ingresan al AL Amyloidosis torrente sanguíneo (las bacterias se pueden cultivar a partir de la sangre).
    • Las toxinas liberadas provocan la ruptura de las paredes de los LOS Neisseria vasos y la fuga de líquidos.
    • Duración a menudo <10 días
  • Fase inmune:
    • En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum este momento, los LOS Neisseria organismos han escapado del torrente sanguíneo a los LOS Neisseria tejidos.
    • Las leptospiras están ausentes en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la sangre, pero se encuentran en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la orina.
    • El huésped genera anticuerpos de inmunoglobulina M ( IgM IgM A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (immunoglobulin mu-chains). Igm can fix complement. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin. Immunoglobulins: Types and Functions) e inmunoglobulina G ( IgG IgG The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of igg, for example, igg1, igg2a, and igg2b. Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis) dirigidos contra el lipopolisacárido de Leptospira Leptospira Leptospira is a spiral or question mark-shaped, gram-negative spirochete with hook-shaped ends. The disease, leptospirosis, is a zoonosis, infecting animals. Rodents are the most important reservoir. Bacteria shed in the urine of rodents and other animals can be transmitted to humans via contaminated water. Leptospira/Leptospirosis.
    • Estos anticuerpos son opsoninas que facilitan la fagocitosis.
• Efectos:
  • Inicialmente, la Leptospira Leptospira Leptospira is a spiral or question mark-shaped, gram-negative spirochete with hook-shaped ends. The disease, leptospirosis, is a zoonosis, infecting animals. Rodents are the most important reservoir. Bacteria shed in the urine of rodents and other animals can be transmitted to humans via contaminated water. Leptospira/Leptospirosis en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el torrente sanguíneo causa síntomas similares a los LOS Neisseria de la gripe.
  • Desde el torrente sanguíneo, las bacterias se establecen en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum otras áreas, particularmente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria órganos parenquimatosos.
  • Efectos renales:
    • Insuficiencia renal (nefritis tubulointersticial)
    • Hipopotasemia e hiponatremia por inhibición del cotransportador sodio-potasio-cloruro (Na-K-Cl)
  • Hepáticos: lesión vascular en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum capilares hepáticos y taponamiento del canal biliar (ictericia)
  • Pulmonares: daño capilar y hemorragia alveolar, síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda
  • Efectos hematológicos:
    • Hemólisis
    • Trombocitopenia

Factores de riesgo del huésped

• Vivienda en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum malas condiciones, saneamiento deficiente (áreas infestadas de roedores)
• Agua contaminada en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inundaciones después de una lluvia
• Actividades recreativas:
  • Natación en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum agua dulce
  • Actividades acuáticas
• Ocupaciones que involucran animales infectados, y suelo y agua contaminados

Presentación Clínica

Leptospirosis Leptospirosis Leptospira is a spiral or question mark-shaped, gram-negative spirochete with hook-shaped ends. The major clinical species is Leptospira interrogans, which causes a mild flu-like illness in a majority of cases. The manifestations are biphasic, with Leptospira found in the blood initially. Leptospira/Leptospirosis

• Síndrome anictérico leve
• El curso de la enfermedad suele ser variable Variable Variables represent information about something that can change. The design of the measurement scales, or of the methods for obtaining information, will determine the data gathered and the characteristics of that data. As a result, a variable can be qualitative or quantitative, and may be further classified into subgroups. Types of Variables
• Se describe como una enfermedad bifásica (fases leptospirémica e inmune), pero las fases pueden superponerse
• El 90% de las enfermedades son leves (generalmente se resuelven en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum < 10 días)
• Síntomas:
  • Febril, con síntomas parecidos a la gripe
  • Mialgias (especialmente de las pantorrillas y la espalda)
  • Diarrea, vómitos
  • Erupción
  • Cefalea retroorbitaria o frontal Frontal The bone that forms the frontal aspect of the skull. Its flat part forms the forehead, articulating inferiorly with the nasal bone and the cheek bone on each side of the face. Skull: Anatomy
  • Fotofobia con sufusión conjuntival (eritema sin exudado)
• La recurrencia de los LOS Neisseria síntomas y las complicaciones son posibles en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la fase inmune

Síndrome/enfermedad de Weil

• Leptospirosis Leptospirosis Leptospira is a spiral or question mark-shaped, gram-negative spirochete with hook-shaped ends. The major clinical species is Leptospira interrogans, which causes a mild flu-like illness in a majority of cases. The manifestations are biphasic, with Leptospira found in the blood initially. Leptospira/Leptospirosis icterohemorrágica
• Forma sistémica rara pero grave
• Ocurre en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el 10% de los LOS Neisseria casos, y tiene una tasa de mortalidad de hasta el 40%
• Provoca una tríada de:
  • Lesión renal
  • Ictericia (disfunción hepática, colestasis)
  • Hemorragia
• También asociado con falla multiorgánica:
  • Miocarditis (anomalías de conducción)
  • Rabdomiólisis ( dolor Dolor Inflammation muscular, insuficiencia renal)
  • Síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda (dificultad para respirar)
  • Hemorragia pulmonar (hemoptisis)

Diagnóstico

Pruebas para Leptospira Leptospira Leptospira is a spiral or question mark-shaped, gram-negative spirochete with hook-shaped ends. The disease, leptospirosis, is a zoonosis, infecting animals. Rodents are the most important reservoir. Bacteria shed in the urine of rodents and other animals can be transmitted to humans via contaminated water. Leptospira/Leptospirosis

Serología:

• El título de anticuerpos se puede detectar para la 2da semana.
• Confirmación serológica de la infección: un aumento en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el título por un factor de 4
• Estudiar a través de:
  • Prueba de aglutinación microscópica (la prueba más específica)
  • Ensayo inmunoabsorbente ligado a enzimas ( ELISA ELISA An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed. St. Louis Encephalitis Virus, por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés)

Aislamiento de leptospiras (sangre, orina, tejido o líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR)):

• Reacción en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum cadena de la polimerasa ( PCR PCR Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique that amplifies DNA fragments exponentially for analysis. The process is highly specific, allowing for the targeting of specific genomic sequences, even with minuscule sample amounts. The PCR cycles multiple times through 3 phases: denaturation of the template DNA, annealing of a specific primer to the individual DNA strands, and synthesis/elongation of new DNA molecules. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)): puede confirmar el diagnóstico a partir de muestras de sangre al AL Amyloidosis principio de la enfermedad
• Visualización por microscopía de campo oscuro
• Cultivo:
  • Ellinghausen-McCullough-Johnson-Harris (el medio más utilizado)
  • El crecimiento tarda de 2 semanas a 3 meses (se usa más para el diagnóstico retrospectivo)

Exámenes adicionales

• Obtenidos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la afectación multiorgánica
• Pruebas de laboratorio:
  • Hemograma (↑ leucocitos, ↓ hemoglobina, ↓ plaquetas)
  • Función renal (creatinina anormal)
  • Pruebas de función hepática (↑ transaminasas, ↑ bilirrubina)
  • ↓ Potasio, ↓ sodio
  • Marcadores inflamatorios elevados (proteína C reactiva, procalcitonina, velocidad de eritrosedimentación)
  • LCR (glucosa normal, pleocitosis linfocítica o neutrofílica)
• Radiografía de tórax obtenida con afectación pulmonar:
  • Patrón alveolar en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum parches en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria lóbulos inferiores (sugestivo de hemorragia)
  • Puede tener opacidades en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum vidrio esmerilado si tiene síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda

Tratamiento

Tratamiento

• Leptospirosis Leptospirosis Leptospira is a spiral or question mark-shaped, gram-negative spirochete with hook-shaped ends. The major clinical species is Leptospira interrogans, which causes a mild flu-like illness in a majority of cases. The manifestations are biphasic, with Leptospira found in the blood initially. Leptospira/Leptospirosis severa:
  • Penicilina intravenosa
  • Otras opciones: cefalosporinas, macrólidos, doxiciclina
• Casos leves:
  • Amoxicilina/doxiciclina/azitromicina
• Tratamiento de soporte agresivo con afectación multiorgánica:
  • Reanimación con líquidos y electrolitos
  • Diálisis en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum insuficiencia renal grave
  • Ventilación mecánica en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum insuficiencia respiratoria por síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda o hemorragia pulmonar

Prevención

• Mejorar los LOS Neisseria estándares de vivienda, infraestructura y saneamiento.
• Esfuerzos de reducción de roedores y proyectos de mitigación de inundaciones
• Uso adecuado de los LOS Neisseria equipos de protección personal por parte de personas con alto riesgo de exposición laboral
• Doxiciclina semanal cuando se anticipa exposición en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum un área endémica

Diagnóstico Diferencial

• Dengue Dengue An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of aedes mosquitoes infected with dengue virus. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. Severe dengue is a more virulent form of dengue. Dengue Virus: enfermedad causada por los LOS Neisseria virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology del dengue Dengue An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of aedes mosquitoes infected with dengue virus. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. Severe dengue is a more virulent form of dengue. Dengue Virus, que se propaga a los LOS Neisseria humanos a través de la picadura de mosquitos (especies de Aedes infectadas). El dengue Dengue An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of aedes mosquitoes infected with dengue virus. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. Severe dengue is a more virulent form of dengue. Dengue Virus se presenta con fiebre, dolores corporales y erupción, y la mayoría de los LOS Neisseria pacientes se recuperan. En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum casos severos, el dengue Dengue An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of aedes mosquitoes infected with dengue virus. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. Severe dengue is a more virulent form of dengue. Dengue Virus progresa a hemorragia interna y shock Shock Shock is a life-threatening condition associated with impaired circulation that results in tissue hypoxia. The different types of shock are based on the underlying cause: distributive (↑ cardiac output (CO), ↓ systemic vascular resistance (SVR)), cardiogenic (↓ CO, ↑ SVR), hypovolemic (↓ CO, ↑ SVR), obstructive (↓ CO), and mixed. Types of Shock. Los LOS Neisseria anticuerpos específicos y la detección de secuencias genómicas virales por PCR PCR Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique that amplifies DNA fragments exponentially for analysis. The process is highly specific, allowing for the targeting of specific genomic sequences, even with minuscule sample amounts. The PCR cycles multiple times through 3 phases: denaturation of the template DNA, annealing of a specific primer to the individual DNA strands, and synthesis/elongation of new DNA molecules. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) con transcriptasa inversa diferencian la enfermedad viral.
• Hepatitis viral: infección por un virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology que causa una reacción inflamatoria aguda en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el hígado. Se presenta con ictericia, fiebre y hepatomegalia, pero las transaminasas generalmente son > 1 000 en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum casos de hepatitis viral. La diferenciación se establece mediante la detección de antígenos virales y anticuerpos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el suero. El tratamiento se basa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la etiología. Para ciertos tipos de hepatitis, la prevención se logra mediante la vacunación.
• Hantavirus Hantavirus A genus of the family bunyaviridae causing hantavirus infections, first identified during the korean war. Infection is found primarily in rodents and humans. Transmission does not appear to involve arthropods. Hantaan virus is the type species. Bunyavirales: virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology propagado principalmente por roedores y que llega a los LOS Neisseria humanos comúnmente a través de virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum aerosol que se elimina en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la orina, las heces y la saliva Saliva The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptyalin. Salivary Glands: Anatomy. La presentación puede ser el síndrome pulmonar por hantavirus Hantavirus A genus of the family bunyaviridae causing hantavirus infections, first identified during the korean war. Infection is found primarily in rodents and humans. Transmission does not appear to involve arthropods. Hantaan virus is the type species. Bunyavirales o fiebre hemorrágica con síndrome renal. Las pruebas serológicas ayudan a distinguir el hantavirus Hantavirus A genus of the family bunyaviridae causing hantavirus infections, first identified during the korean war. Infection is found primarily in rodents and humans. Transmission does not appear to involve arthropods. Hantaan virus is the type species. Bunyavirales de la leptospirosis Leptospirosis Leptospira is a spiral or question mark-shaped, gram-negative spirochete with hook-shaped ends. The major clinical species is Leptospira interrogans, which causes a mild flu-like illness in a majority of cases. The manifestations are biphasic, with Leptospira found in the blood initially. Leptospira/Leptospirosis.