Órbita y los Músculos Extraoculares: Anatomía

Huesos y Estructura de la Órbita

• Tiene forma de caverna piramidal cuadrangular en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la parte superior de la cara, con una base superficial (reborde orbitario) y profunda, con un vértice posteromedial
  • Reborde orbitario:
    • Margen superior: hueso frontal Frontal The bone that forms the frontal aspect of the skull. Its flat part forms the forehead, articulating inferiorly with the nasal bone and the cheek bone on each side of the face. Skull: Anatomy
    • Margen medial: apófisis frontal Frontal The bone that forms the frontal aspect of the skull. Its flat part forms the forehead, articulating inferiorly with the nasal bone and the cheek bone on each side of the face. Skull: Anatomy del maxilar
    • Margen inferior: apófisis cigomática del maxilar y hueso cigomático
    • Margen lateral: apófisis cigomática del hueso frontal Frontal The bone that forms the frontal aspect of the skull. Its flat part forms the forehead, articulating inferiorly with the nasal bone and the cheek bone on each side of the face. Skull: Anatomy y apófisis frontal Frontal The bone that forms the frontal aspect of the skull. Its flat part forms the forehead, articulating inferiorly with the nasal bone and the cheek bone on each side of the face. Skull: Anatomy del hueso cigomático
  • Vértice: agujero óptico
• Paredes: cubiertas de periostio (periorbita)
  • Superior (techo): porción orbital del frontal Frontal The bone that forms the frontal aspect of the skull. Its flat part forms the forehead, articulating inferiorly with the nasal bone and the cheek bone on each side of the face. Skull: Anatomy y ala menor del esfenoides
  • Medial: lámina orbitaria del hueso etmoides, cuerpo del hueso esfenoides, hueso frontal Frontal The bone that forms the frontal aspect of the skull. Its flat part forms the forehead, articulating inferiorly with the nasal bone and the cheek bone on each side of the face. Skull: Anatomy, hueso lagrimal y maxilar
  • Inferior (suelo): superficie orbital del maxilar, hueso cigomático y hueso palatino
  • Lateral: ala mayor del esfenoides, placa orbital del hueso frontal Frontal The bone that forms the frontal aspect of the skull. Its flat part forms the forehead, articulating inferiorly with the nasal bone and the cheek bone on each side of the face. Skull: Anatomy y apófisis frontal Frontal The bone that forms the frontal aspect of the skull. Its flat part forms the forehead, articulating inferiorly with the nasal bone and the cheek bone on each side of the face. Skull: Anatomy del hueso cigomático
• Aberturas importantes: el agujero o canal óptico, los LOS Neisseria agujeros etmoidales anteriores y posteriores, las fisuras orbitarias superiores e inferiores, el surco infraorbitario y la escotadura supraorbitaria

Mnemotecnia 1

Para ayudar a memorizar los LOS Neisseria huesos que componen la órbita, recuerda la mnemotecnia en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés: Many Friendly Zebras Enjoy Lazy Summer Picnics ( en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés) (muchas cebras amistosas disfrutan de los LOS Neisseria pícnics de verano)

• M – Many: M axilla Axilla The axilla is a pyramid-shaped space located between the upper thorax and the arm. The axilla has a base, an apex, and 4 walls (anterior, medial, lateral, posterior). The base of the pyramid is made up of the axillary skin. The apex is the axillary inlet, located between the 1st rib, superior border of the scapula, and clavicle. Axilla and Brachial Plexus: Anatomy (muchos: maxilar)
• F – Friendly: Frontal bone Bone Bone is a compact type of hardened connective tissue composed of bone cells, membranes, an extracellular mineralized matrix, and central bone marrow. The 2 primary types of bone are compact and spongy. Bones: Structure and Types (amigable: hueso frontal Frontal The bone that forms the frontal aspect of the skull. Its flat part forms the forehead, articulating inferiorly with the nasal bone and the cheek bone on each side of the face. Skull: Anatomy)
• Z – Zebras: Zygomatic bone Bone Bone is a compact type of hardened connective tissue composed of bone cells, membranes, an extracellular mineralized matrix, and central bone marrow. The 2 primary types of bone are compact and spongy. Bones: Structure and Types (cebras: hueso cigomático)
• E – Enjoy: Ethmoid bone Bone Bone is a compact type of hardened connective tissue composed of bone cells, membranes, an extracellular mineralized matrix, and central bone marrow. The 2 primary types of bone are compact and spongy. Bones: Structure and Types (disfruta: hueso etmoides)
• L – Lazy: Lacrimal bone Bone Bone is a compact type of hardened connective tissue composed of bone cells, membranes, an extracellular mineralized matrix, and central bone marrow. The 2 primary types of bone are compact and spongy. Bones: Structure and Types (vago: hueso lagrimal)
• S – Summer: Sphenoid bone Bone Bone is a compact type of hardened connective tissue composed of bone cells, membranes, an extracellular mineralized matrix, and central bone marrow. The 2 primary types of bone are compact and spongy. Bones: Structure and Types (verano: hueso esfenoidal)
• P – Picnics: Palatine bone Bone Bone is a compact type of hardened connective tissue composed of bone cells, membranes, an extracellular mineralized matrix, and central bone marrow. The 2 primary types of bone are compact and spongy. Bones: Structure and Types (picnics: hueso palatino)

Músculos Extraoculares

Mnemotecnia 2

Para ayudar a memorizar la inervación de los LOS Neisseria músculos extraoculares, recuerda: LR6, SO4, 3

• Lateral rectus innervated by the abducens nerve Abducens nerve The 6th cranial nerve which originates in the abducens nucleus of the pons and sends motor fibers to the lateral rectus muscles of the eye. Damage to the nerve or its nucleus disrupts horizontal eye movement control. The 12 Cranial Nerves: Overview and Functions (craneal nerve VI) (recto lateral inervado por el nervio abducens (nervio craneal VI))
• Superior oblique innervated by the trochlear nerve Trochlear nerve The 4th cranial nerve. The trochlear nerve carries the motor innervation of the superior oblique muscles of the eye. The 12 Cranial Nerves: Overview and Functions (craneal nerve IV) (oblicuo superior inervado por el nervio troclear (nervio craneal IV))
• The remaining extraocular muscles are innervated by the oculomotor nerve Oculomotor nerve The 3D cranial nerve. The oculomotor nerve sends motor fibers to the levator muscles of the eyelid and to the superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles of the eye. It also sends parasympathetic efferents (via the ciliary ganglion) to the muscles controlling pupillary constriction and accommodation. The motor fibers originate in the oculomotor nuclei of the midbrain. The 12 Cranial Nerves: Overview and Functions (craneal nerve III) ( los LOS Neisseria demás músculos extraoculares están inervados por el nervio oculomotor (nervio craneal III))

Mnemotecnia 3

Para ayudar a memorizar las acciones de los LOS Neisseria músculos, recuerda: RAD

Recti are Ad AD The term advance directive (AD) refers to treatment preferences and/or the designation of a surrogate decision-maker in the event that a person becomes unable to make medical decisions on their own behalf. Advance directives represent the ethical principle of autonomy and may take the form of a living will, health care proxy, durable power of attorney for health care, and/or a physician’s order for life-sustaining treatment. Advance Directivesductors, except the lateral rectus Lateral rectus Orbit and Extraocular Muscles: Anatomy ( los LOS Neisseria rectos son aductores, excepto el recto lateral)

Aparato Lagrimal

• Glándula lagrimal:
  • Serosa; libera una capa acuosa de líquido lagrimal directamente sobre el globo ocular
  • Minimiza la fricción, protege y limpia el ojo (“película lagrimal”)
  • Situada en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la cara lateral superior de la órbita, drena a través de los LOS Neisseria conductos lagrimales al AL Amyloidosis fórnix conjuntival superior
  • Inervado por fibras parasimpáticas del nervio facial (VII) a través del ganglio pterigopalatino
• Lágrimas:
  • Solución isotónica
  • Contiene enzimas bactericidas (lisozima y lactoferrina), inmunoglobulina A y lipocalina
• Glándulas tarsales o de Meibomio:
  • Glándulas sebáceas; producen meibum Meibum Blepharitis, que disminuye la evaporación de la película lagrimal
  • Localizadas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la placa tarsal de los LOS Neisseria párpados (dentro del párpado superior) con orificios en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el borde de la zona marginal de la conjuntiva
• Sistema de drenaje de lágrimas—consiste en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum:
  • Canalículos lagrimales
  • Saco lagrimal: porción dilatada del conducto nasolagrimal
  • Conducto nasolacrimal: drena en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el meato nasal inferior

Correlaciones Clínicopatológicas

• Celulitis orbitaria y preseptal: posibles complicaciones de la sinusitis Sinusitis Sinusitis refers to inflammation of the mucosal lining of the paranasal sinuses. The condition usually occurs concurrently with inflammation of the nasal mucosa (rhinitis), a condition known as rhinosinusitis. Acute sinusitis is due to an upper respiratory infection caused by a viral, bacterial, or fungal agent. Sinusitis paranasal o del traumatismo de la órbita. Los LOS Neisseria pacientes pueden presentar fiebre, malestar general, oftalmoplejía por proptosis Proptosis Retinoblastoma, shock Shock Shock is a life-threatening condition associated with impaired circulation that results in tissue hypoxia. The different types of shock are based on the underlying cause: distributive (↑ cardiac output (CO), ↓ systemic vascular resistance (SVR)), cardiogenic (↓ CO, ↑ SVR), hypovolemic (↓ CO, ↑ SVR), obstructive (↓ CO), and mixed. Types of Shock tóxico y deterioro de la visión.
• Fracturas orbitarias: las fracturas de las cuencas oculares se clasifican en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum fracturas del reborde orbitario, fractura directa del suelo orbitario y fracturas por estallido. Estas fracturas pueden presentarse con visión borrosa, disminuida o doble, y con hematomas negros y azules alrededor de los LOS Neisseria ojos.
• Dacrioadenitis: inflamación de las glándulas lagrimales debida generalmente a una infección bacteriana o vírica. Puede presentarse como una inflamación de la parte externa del párpado superior, con enrojecimiento y sensibilidad, dolor Dolor Inflammation en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la zona de la inflamación, exceso de lagrimeo e inflamación de los LOS Neisseria ganglios linfáticos preauriculares.
• Síndrome de Sjögren: enfermedad autoinmune que afecta a las glándulas humectantes del cuerpo. Los LOS Neisseria síntomas principales son la resequedad de la boca y los LOS Neisseria ojos.
• Estrabismo: enfermedad caracterizada por una desalineación de los LOS Neisseria ojos. Si no se trata durante la infancia, el estrabismo puede provocar ambliopía o pérdida de la percepción de la profundidad.
• Blefaritis: una de las afecciones oculares más comunes; se caracteriza por la inflamación, descamación, enrojecimiento y formación de costras en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el párpado. También puede presentarse con una sensación de ardor, prurito o sensación de cuerpo extraño