Parâmetros Pancreáticos

O pâncreas é um órgão composto que contém uma combinação distinta de linhagens celulares. O tecido exócrino compreende células acinares, que secretam enzimas digestivas no intestino. A função endócrina é realizada pelas ilhotas de Langerhans, que consistem em tipos celulares distintos que secretam 4 hormonas diferentes na circulação (células α, glucagon Glucagon A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal glucagon-like peptides. Glucagon is secreted by pancreatic alpha cells and plays an important role in regulation of blood glucose concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. Gastrointestinal Secretions; células β, insulina; células δ, somatostatina; e células γ, polipeptídeo pancreático). As hormonas endócrinas, bem como algumas enzimas exócrinas, podem ser medidas em fluidos corporais e fornecem informações diagnósticas importantes na doença pancreática aguda e crónica.

Last updated: Jan 11, 2024

Editorial responsibility: Stanley Oiseth, Lindsay Jones, Evelin Maza

Descrição Geral

Pâncreas

O pâncreas é um órgão posicionado na face posterior do abdómen, atrás do estômago e tem 2 funções principais:

  • Endócrina: ilhotas de Langerhans
  • Exócrina: realizada por estruturas feitas de ácinos e ductos intercalares
O pâncreas

O pâncreas

Imagem: “The pancreas” por CDC. Licença: CC BY 3.0

Fisiologia do pâncreas endócrino

As ilhotas de Langerhans, espalhadas pelo pâncreas, possuem diferentes tipos de células, que correspondem às seguintes hormonas:

  • Insulina (origem em células B ou células β)
  • Glucagon Glucagon A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal glucagon-like peptides. Glucagon is secreted by pancreatic alpha cells and plays an important role in regulation of blood glucose concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. Gastrointestinal Secretions (origem em células A ou células α)
  • Somatostatina (origem em células D ou células δ)
  • Polipeptídeo pancreático (origem em células PP ou células γ)

Funções e estímulos diferem com cada hormônio.

Fisiologia do pâncreas exócrino

  • Atividade digestiva
  • Produção de enzimas pancreáticas e bicarbonato
  • Enzimas:
    • Amilase (digestão de hidratos de carbono/amido)
    • Lipases Lipases An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. Lipid Metabolism (digestão de gorduras):
      • Lipase Lipase An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. Malabsorption and Maldigestion
      • Fosfolipase A2
      • Esterase não específica
    • Proteases Proteases Proteins and Peptides (armazenadas como formas/proenzimas inativas para evitar a autodigestão):
      • Tripsinogénio → tripsina (digere proteínas e ativa outras proenzimas)
      • Proelastase → elastase Elastase A protease of broad specificity, obtained from dried pancreas. Molecular weight is approximately 25, 000. The enzyme breaks down elastin, the specific protein of elastic fibers, and digests other proteins such as fibrin, hemoglobin, and albumin. Proteins and Peptides (digere o tecido conjuntivo, particularmente a elastina)
      • Quimotripsinogénio → quimotripsina (digere proteínas)
      • Procarboxipeptidase → carboxipeptidase (digere proteínas)
    • Nucleases Nucleases Pancreatic Parameters (degradar ácidos nucleicos):
      • DNase
      • RNase
  • Regulação:
    • Colecistoquinina:
      • Estimula a secreção acinar
      • Ativada por ácido gástrico, ácidos gordos de cadeia longa e aminoácidos essenciais
    • Secretina:
      • Das células S da mucosa duodenal
      • Libertação estimulada pelo ácido gástrico/declínio do pH pH The quantitative measurement of the acidity or basicity of a solution. Acid-Base Balance (< 4,5), estimulando a produção e secreção de bicarbonato
  • Neuropeptídeos inibitórios:
    • Somatostatina
    • Polipeptídeo pancreático, peptídeo YY, neuropeptídeo Y
    • Encefalina
    • Pancreatatina
    • Peptídeo relacionado com o gene Gene A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms. Basic Terms of Genetics da calcitonina
    • Glucagon Glucagon A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal glucagon-like peptides. Glucagon is secreted by pancreatic alpha cells and plays an important role in regulation of blood glucose concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. Gastrointestinal Secretions

Pâncreas Endócrino

Insulina

  • Libertada pelas células B com peptídeo C (separa-se antes da secreção de insulina)
  • Efeitos hormonais:
    • Promove a absorção de glicose do sangue para as células do fígado, gordura e músculo esquelético
    • Regula o metabolismo de hidratos de carbono, gorduras e proteínas
  • Testes Testes Gonadal Hormones associados:
    • Peptídeo C sérico:
      • Fornece um índice da função das células B
      • Um nível baixo indica baixa produção de insulina endógena.
    • Insulina sérica:
      • ↓ Na diabetes Diabetes Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia and dysfunction of the regulation of glucose metabolism by insulin. Type 1 DM is diagnosed mostly in children and young adults as the result of autoimmune destruction of β cells in the pancreas and the resulting lack of insulin. Type 2 DM has a significant association with obesity and is characterized by insulin resistance. Diabetes Mellitus mellitus tipo 1 (destruição autoimune das células β, o que leva a uma falta quase completa de insulina)
      • ↓ Na diabetes Diabetes Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia and dysfunction of the regulation of glucose metabolism by insulin. Type 1 DM is diagnosed mostly in children and young adults as the result of autoimmune destruction of β cells in the pancreas and the resulting lack of insulin. Type 2 DM has a significant association with obesity and is characterized by insulin resistance. Diabetes Mellitus mellitus tipo 2 (destruição não autoimune das células β, que causa deficiência parcial de insulina)
      • ↑ No insulinoma Insulinoma A benign tumor of the pancreatic beta cells. Insulinoma secretes excess insulin resulting in hypoglycemia. Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (PanNETs) ( tumor Tumor Inflammation pancreático que produz insulina)
      • ↑ Na resistência à insulina (síndrome metabólica)
      • ↑ Na hipertrofia das células β-ilhotas
      • ↑ No hiperinsulinismo congénito

Somatostatina

  • Também conhecido como hormona inibidora da hormona do crescimento
  • Produzida no SNC
  • As funções hormonais são geralmente inibitórias na:
    • Secreção endócrina e exócrina
    • Neurotransmissão e proliferação celular
    • Motilidade GI
  • O teste associado é a somatostatina plasmática:
    • Níveis aumentados na seguinte condição ou situação:
      • Somatostatinoma Somatostatinoma A somatostatin-secreting tumor derived from the pancreatic delta cells (somatostatin-secreting cells). It is also found in the intestine. Somatostatinomas are associated with diabetes mellitus; cholelithiasis; steatorrhea; and hypochlorhydria. The majority of somatostatinomas have the potential for metastasis. Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (PanNETs) (tríade de diabetes Diabetes Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia and dysfunction of the regulation of glucose metabolism by insulin. Type 1 DM is diagnosed mostly in children and young adults as the result of autoimmune destruction of β cells in the pancreas and the resulting lack of insulin. Type 2 DM has a significant association with obesity and is characterized by insulin resistance. Diabetes Mellitus, litíase e diarreia/esteatorreia)
      • Outros tumores neuroendócrinos
      • Estímulos semelhantes que aumentam a secreção de insulina (glicose e aminoácidos)
    • Níveis diminuídos na gastrite crónica (infeção persistente por Helicobacter pylori Helicobacter pylori A spiral bacterium active as a human gastric pathogen. It is a gram-negative, urease-positive, curved or slightly spiral organism initially isolated in 1982 from patients with lesions of gastritis or peptic ulcers in Western Australia. Helicobacter pylori was originally classified in the genus campylobacter, but RNA sequencing, cellular fatty acid profiles, growth patterns, and other taxonomic characteristics indicate that the micro-organism should be included in the genus Helicobacter. It has been officially transferred to Helicobacter gen. Helicobacter)

Glucagon Glucagon A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal glucagon-like peptides. Glucagon is secreted by pancreatic alpha cells and plays an important role in regulation of blood glucose concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. Gastrointestinal Secretions

  • Hormona peptídica produzida pelo pâncreas em resposta à hipoglicemia
  • Inibida pela insulina, somatostatina e secretina
  • Efeitos hormonais (geralmente para aumentar os níveis de glicose):
    • Promoção da glicogenólise
    • Promoção da neoglicogénese
    • Inibição da glicogénese hepática
  • O teste associado é o glucagon Glucagon A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal glucagon-like peptides. Glucagon is secreted by pancreatic alpha cells and plays an important role in regulation of blood glucose concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. Gastrointestinal Secretions plasmático:
    • Aumentado nas seguintes condições:
      • Glucagonoma Glucagonoma A glucagonoma is a glucagon-secreting neuroendocrine tumor that originates from the β-cells in the pancreatic islets. Most glucagonomas are malignant, and many of them are part of the autosomal dominant condition known as multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type 1 (MEN 1). Elevated levels of glucagon lead to increased gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. Glucagonoma (eritema migratório, intolerância à glicose, anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types e desnutrição)
      • Glucagonoma Glucagonoma A glucagonoma is a glucagon-secreting neuroendocrine tumor that originates from the β-cells in the pancreatic islets. Most glucagonomas are malignant, and many of them are part of the autosomal dominant condition known as multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type 1 (MEN 1). Elevated levels of glucagon lead to increased gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. Glucagonoma como parte da neoplasia endócrina múltipla (MEN, pela sigla em inglês) tipo 1
      • Diabetes Diabetes Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia and dysfunction of the regulation of glucose metabolism by insulin. Type 1 DM is diagnosed mostly in children and young adults as the result of autoimmune destruction of β cells in the pancreas and the resulting lack of insulin. Type 2 DM has a significant association with obesity and is characterized by insulin resistance. Diabetes Mellitus mellitus
      • Condições relacionadas com stress (por exemplo, sépsis, enfarte agudo do miocárdio, trauma, pancreatite aguda, queimaduras)
      • Insuficiência renal
      • Cirrose hepática ou carcinoma hepatocelular
    • Níveis diminuídos na pancreatectomia

Polipeptídeo pancreático

  • Sintetizado e secretado por células PP (também conhecidas como células F ou células γ) do pâncreas
  • Efeitos hormonais:
    • Inibição da secreção exócrina pancreática, contração da vesícula biliar e motilidade intestinal
    • Pode influenciar a ingestão de alimentos ao regular Regular Insulin a fome e a saciedade
  • Secreção aumentada via estimulação vagal:
    • Após uma refeição proteica
    • Jejum
    • Exercício físico
    • Hipoglicemia
  • Secreção diminuída por:
    • Somatostatina
    • Glicose IV
  • O teste associado é o polipeptídeo pancreático plasmático:
    • Aumentado nas seguintes condições:
      • Anorexia Anorexia The lack or loss of appetite accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder anorexia nervosa. Anorexia Nervosa nervosa
      • Tumores neuroendócrinos pancreáticos
    • Diminuído nas seguintes condições:
      • Pancreatite crónica
      • Síndrome de Prader-Willi e outras formas de obesidade

Pâncreas Exócrino

Amilase pancreática

  • Facilita a fragmentação do amido dietético em polissacarídeos menores
  • Isoformas mais MAIS Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome abundantes:
    • Forma S (origem principalmente salivar)
    • Forma P (derivada do pâncreas)
  • O teste associado é amilase sérica ou plasmática:
    • Testes Testes Gonadal Hormones serológicos usuais não conseguem discriminar as 2 isoformas.
    • Na pancreatite aguda, o nível aumenta em 6 a 12 horas e normaliza em 5 dias.
    • Elevada nas seguintes condições:
      • Pancreatite aguda (forte indicador se mais MAIS Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome > 3x que o valor normal)
      • Complicações da pancreatite (pseudoquistos, abcessos)
      • Outras condições pancreáticas: trauma, cirurgia, carcinoma
      • Colangiopancreatografia retrógrada endoscópica
      • Fibrose quística
      • Patologia salivar
      • Patologia GI (perfuração/obstrução intestinal)
      • Gravidez ectópica
      • Macroamilasemia (amilase ligada a macromoléculas)
      • Fármacos (salicilatos, estrogénios, tiazidas, sulfonamidas)
      • Insuficiência renal (amilase é eliminada pelos rins)

Lipase Lipase An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. Malabsorption and Maldigestion pancreática

  • Hidrolisa os triglicerídeos em glicerol e ácidos gordos livres
  • A atividade é inibida pelos ácidos biliares.
  • Requer a presença de outra enzima, a colipase, que impede que os sais biliares causem desativação
  • O teste associado é a lipase Lipase An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. Malabsorption and Maldigestion sérica:
    • Semi-vida mais MAIS Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome longa do que a amilase (até 14 dias para normalizar) devido à reabsorção renal
    • Na pancreatite aguda, o aumento é observado em 4 a 8 horas.
    • Elevada em todas as condições pancreáticas com aumento da amilase
    • O aumento predominante da lipase Lipase An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. Malabsorption and Maldigestion pode ser observado em:
      • Pancreatite alcoólica
      • Pancreatite crónica agudizada (amilase normal devido à depleção da glândula)
      • Apresentação tardia de pancreatite aguda (devido à semi-vida mais MAIS Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome longa)
      • Pancreatite induzida por hipertrigliceridemia

Elastase Elastase A protease of broad specificity, obtained from dried pancreas. Molecular weight is approximately 25, 000. The enzyme breaks down elastin, the specific protein of elastic fibers, and digests other proteins such as fibrin, hemoglobin, and albumin. Proteins and Peptides pancreática ( elastase-1 Elastase-1 A protease of broad specificity, obtained from dried pancreas. Molecular weight is approximately 25, 000. The enzyme breaks down elastin, the specific protein of elastic fibers, and digests other proteins such as fibrin, hemoglobin, and albumin. Pancreatic Parameters)

  • Pertence à família das serina proteases Proteases Proteins and Peptides
  • Teste sensível e específico para função pancreática:
    • Permanece não degradado ou estável durante o trânsito intestinal
    • Os níveis nas fezes refletem a função exócrina pancreática e correlacionam-se diretamente com a concentração no líquido pancreático.
  • O teste associado é a elastase-1 Elastase-1 A protease of broad specificity, obtained from dried pancreas. Molecular weight is approximately 25, 000. The enzyme breaks down elastin, the specific protein of elastic fibers, and digests other proteins such as fibrin, hemoglobin, and albumin. Pancreatic Parameters fecal:
    • Um teste de elastase-1 Elastase-1 A protease of broad specificity, obtained from dried pancreas. Molecular weight is approximately 25, 000. The enzyme breaks down elastin, the specific protein of elastic fibers, and digests other proteins such as fibrin, hemoglobin, and albumin. Pancreatic Parameters fecal < 200 μg/g é anormal.
    • Elevada na pancreatite aguda
    • Níveis diminuídos na insuficiência pancreática exócrina crónica devido a:
      • Fibrose quística
      • Pancreatite crónica

Outros exames

  • Tripsinogénio sérico:
    • Teste sensível para insuficiência exócrina avançada (↓ níveis)
    • Menos confiável na insuficiência exócrina leve
    • Pode aumentar na pancreatite aguda e outras patologias abdominais não pancreáticas
  • Quimotripsina fecal:
    • Menos sensível e específico que a elastase-1 Elastase-1 A protease of broad specificity, obtained from dried pancreas. Molecular weight is approximately 25, 000. The enzyme breaks down elastin, the specific protein of elastic fibers, and digests other proteins such as fibrin, hemoglobin, and albumin. Pancreatic Parameters fecal
    • Sensibilidade diminuída para insuficiência exócrina leve
    • Pode estar diluída em caso de diarreia
Tabela: Resumo dos parâmetros pancreáticos
Parâmetro Testes Testes Gonadal Hormones associados Situações clínicas
Insulina
  • Peptídeo C (sérico)
  • Insulina sérica
Aumentada em:
  • Insulinoma Insulinoma A benign tumor of the pancreatic beta cells. Insulinoma secretes excess insulin resulting in hypoglycemia. Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (PanNETs)
  • Resistência à insulina
  • Hipertrofia das células beta dos ilhéus
  • Hiperinsulinismo congénito
Diminuída em:
  • Diabetes Diabetes Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia and dysfunction of the regulation of glucose metabolism by insulin. Type 1 DM is diagnosed mostly in children and young adults as the result of autoimmune destruction of β cells in the pancreas and the resulting lack of insulin. Type 2 DM has a significant association with obesity and is characterized by insulin resistance. Diabetes Mellitus mellitus tipo 1
  • Diabetes Diabetes Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia and dysfunction of the regulation of glucose metabolism by insulin. Type 1 DM is diagnosed mostly in children and young adults as the result of autoimmune destruction of β cells in the pancreas and the resulting lack of insulin. Type 2 DM has a significant association with obesity and is characterized by insulin resistance. Diabetes Mellitus mellitus tipo 2
Somatostatina Somatostatina plasmática Aumentada em:
  • Somatostatinoma Somatostatinoma A somatostatin-secreting tumor derived from the pancreatic delta cells (somatostatin-secreting cells). It is also found in the intestine. Somatostatinomas are associated with diabetes mellitus; cholelithiasis; steatorrhea; and hypochlorhydria. The majority of somatostatinomas have the potential for metastasis. Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (PanNETs)
  • Outros tumores neuroendócrinos
Diminuída em: gastrite crónica
Glucagon Glucagon A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal glucagon-like peptides. Glucagon is secreted by pancreatic alpha cells and plays an important role in regulation of blood glucose concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. Gastrointestinal Secretions Glucagon Glucagon A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal glucagon-like peptides. Glucagon is secreted by pancreatic alpha cells and plays an important role in regulation of blood glucose concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. Gastrointestinal Secretions plasmático Aumentado em:
  • Glucagonoma Glucagonoma A glucagonoma is a glucagon-secreting neuroendocrine tumor that originates from the β-cells in the pancreatic islets. Most glucagonomas are malignant, and many of them are part of the autosomal dominant condition known as multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type 1 (MEN 1). Elevated levels of glucagon lead to increased gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. Glucagonoma
  • Glucagonoma Glucagonoma A glucagonoma is a glucagon-secreting neuroendocrine tumor that originates from the β-cells in the pancreatic islets. Most glucagonomas are malignant, and many of them are part of the autosomal dominant condition known as multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type 1 (MEN 1). Elevated levels of glucagon lead to increased gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. Glucagonoma como parte da neoplasia endócrina múltipla tipo 1
  • Diabetes Diabetes Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia and dysfunction of the regulation of glucose metabolism by insulin. Type 1 DM is diagnosed mostly in children and young adults as the result of autoimmune destruction of β cells in the pancreas and the resulting lack of insulin. Type 2 DM has a significant association with obesity and is characterized by insulin resistance. Diabetes Mellitus mellitus
  • Doenças relacionadas com stress (por exemplo, sépsis, enfarte agudo do miocérdio, trauma, pancreatite aguda queimaduras)
  • Insuficiência renal
  • Cirrose hepática ou carcinoma hepatocelular
Diminuída em: pancreatectomia
Polipeptídeo pancreático Polipeptídeo pancreático plasmático Aumentado em:
  • Anorexia Anorexia The lack or loss of appetite accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder anorexia nervosa. Anorexia Nervosa nervosa
  • Tumores neuroendócrinos pancreáticos
Diminuído em:
  • Pancreatite crónica
  • Síndrome de Prader-Willi
  • Obesidade
Amilase pancreática Amilase sérica/plasmática Aumentada em:
  • Pancreatite aguda (indicador importante se > 3x valor da normalidade)
  • Complicações de pancreatite (por exemplo, pseudoquisto, abcesso)
  • Outras doenças pancreáticas (por exemplo, trauma, cirurgia, carcinoma)
  • Colangiopancreatografia retrógrada endoscópica
  • Fibrose quística
  • Patologia das glândulas salivares
  • Patologia gastrointestinal (perfuração/obstrução intestinal)
  • Gravidez ectópica
  • Macroamilasemia (ligação da amilase a macromoléculas)
  • Fármacos (por exemplo, salicilatos, estrogénios, tiazidas, sulfonamidas)
  • Insuficiência renal (a amilase é eliminada pelos rins)
Lipase Lipase An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. Malabsorption and Maldigestion pancreática Lipase Lipase An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. Malabsorption and Maldigestion sérica Aumentada em:
  • Pancreatite alcoólica
  • Pancreatite aguda em contexto de pancreatite crónica
  • Pancreatite aguda com apresentação tardia
  • Pancreatite induzida por hipertrigliceridemia
Elastase Elastase A protease of broad specificity, obtained from dried pancreas. Molecular weight is approximately 25, 000. The enzyme breaks down elastin, the specific protein of elastic fibers, and digests other proteins such as fibrin, hemoglobin, and albumin. Proteins and Peptides pancreática Elastase-1 Elastase-1 A protease of broad specificity, obtained from dried pancreas. Molecular weight is approximately 25, 000. The enzyme breaks down elastin, the specific protein of elastic fibers, and digests other proteins such as fibrin, hemoglobin, and albumin. Pancreatic Parameters (fezes) Aumentada em: pancreatite aguda
Diminuída em:
  • Fibrose quística
  • Pancreatite crónica
Tripsinogénio Tripsinogénio sérico Aumentada em: pancreatite aguda
Quimotripsina Quimotripsina (fezes) Insuficiência pancreática: teste negativo

Relevância Clínica

  • Pancreatite aguda: doença inflamatória do pâncreas devido à autodigestão. A pancreatite aguda é frequentemente associada a cálculos biliares e uso excessivo de álcool. Os doentes geralmente apresentam dor epigástrica, que irradia para as costas. O diagnóstico requer 2 dos 3 critérios a seguir: dor abdominal característica, achados radiológicos característicos e amilase e lipase Lipase An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. Malabsorption and Maldigestion séricas 3x o limite superior do normal. O tratamento inclui hidratação intravenosa agressiva, analgesia Analgesia Methods of pain relief that may be used with or in place of analgesics. Anesthesiology: History and Basic Concepts, suporte nutricional e tratamento da causa subjacente.
  • Pancreatite crónica: resulta de inflamação persistente, fibrose e dano celular irreversível do pâncreas, que causa perda da função das glândulas endócrinas e exócrinas. As etiologias mais MAIS Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome comuns são o abuso de álcool e a obstrução do ducto pancreático. Os doentes geralmente apresentam dor abdominal epigástrica recorrente, náusea e características da síndrome de má absorção (diarreia, esteatorreia e perda de peso). Os achados característicos da TC incluem atrofia pancreática, ductos pancreáticos dilatados e calcificações pancreáticas. A terapia concentra-se na cessação do álcool, mudanças na dieta, controlo da dor e tratamento da insuficiência pancreática.
  • Fibrose quística: doença hereditária autossómica recessiva das glândulas exócrinas que afeta principalmente os pulmões e o sistema digestivo devido a um espectro de defeitos no gene Gene A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms. Basic Terms of Genetics regulador da condutância transmembranar da fibrose quística (CFTR, pela sigla em inglês). A mutação leva a uma incapacidade de transportar adequadamente o cloreto. Resulta em muco desidratado, espesso, viscoso, que obstruí as glândulas mucosas nos órgãos e sistemas afetados. A insuficiência pancreática é uma das características de apresentação da fibrose quística.

Referências

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  8. Hjalmarsen, A., Bremnes, R.M., Aasebo, U., Jorde, R. (2004). Pancreatic polypeptide is increased in patients with advanced malignant disease. Anticancer Res;24(4):2515–7.
  9. Liddle, R.A. (2021). Physiology of somatostatin and its analogues. UpToDate. Retrieved May 13, 2021, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/physiology-of-somatostatin-and-its-analogues
  10. Liddle, R.A. (2021). Pancreatic polypeptide, peptide YY, and neuropeptide Y. UpToDate. Retrieved May 9, 2021, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pancreatic-polypeptide-peptide-yy-and-neuropeptide-y
  11. Nicoll D., & Mark Lu, C., & McPhee, S.J. (2017). Lab tests. Nicoll D, & Mark Lu C, & McPhee S.J. (Eds.), Guide to Diagnostic Tests, 7e. McGraw-Hill. https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=2032&sectionid=152254910
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  13. Stevens, T., Conwell, D.L. (2021). Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. UpToDate. Retrieved May 9, 2021, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/exocrine-pancreatic-insufficiency
  14. Vege, S.S. (2021). Approach to the patient with elevated serum amylase or lipase. UpToDate. Retrieved May 9, 2021, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-the-patient-with-elevated-serum-amylase-or-lipase
  15. Vella, A. (2021). Hypoglycemia in adults without diabetes mellitus: Diagnostic approach. UpToDate. Retrieved May 9, 2021, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hypoglycemia-in-adults-without-diabetes-mellitus-diagnostic-approach

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