Oligoelementos

Definición

Los LOS Neisseria oligoelementos (también llamados elementos traza) son minerales necesarios en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum pequeñas cantidades (1–100 mg/día para adultos):

• Tienen varias funciones, incluso en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria sistemas enzimáticos, el metabolismo energético y el transporte de oxígeno
• La ingesta de grandes cantidades durante un período prolongado puede producir efectos tóxicos.
• La ingesta requerida se expresa como ingesta diaria recomendada: ingesta dietética suficiente para satisfacer los LOS Neisseria requerimientos diarios de nutrientes del 97% de las personas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum un grupo de etapa de vida específico
• Si los LOS Neisseria datos sobre ingesta diaria recomendada son limitados, ingesta adecuada se utiliza para indicar la cantidad estimada como suficiente para mantener un estado saludable.

Cromo

Descripción general

• Símbolo: Cr
• Múltiples estados iónicos:
  • Cromo dietético: estado trivalente
  • Cr⁶⁺ (cromo hexavalente): forma tóxica

Funciones

• Potencia la insulina
• Influye en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el metabolismo de carbohidratos y lípidos

Ingesta y metabolismo

• Ingesta diaria recomendada: 20–35 μg/día para adultos
• Fuentes: carnes procesadas, hígado, levadura de cerveza, granos enteros, cereales, frutas, vegetales
• Absorción: intestino delgado
• Transporte (circulación): unido a albúmina y transferrina
• Regulación:
  • ↑ Absorción con vitamina C así como en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum deficiencia de zinc Zinc A metallic element of atomic number 30 and atomic weight 65. 38. It is a necessary trace element in the diet, forming an essential part of many enzymes, and playing an important role in protein synthesis and in cell division. Zinc deficiency is associated with anemia, short stature, hypogonadism, impaired wound healing, and geophagia. It is known by the symbol zn. Trace Elements y hierro
  • ↓ Absorción con antiácidos y antiinflamatorios no esteroideos (AINE)
  • Excreción: en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum heces

Deficiencia y toxicidad

• La deficiencia de cromo generalmente se observa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum:
  • Afecciones caracterizadas por aumento del catabolismo y demandas metabólicas (enfermedad crítica)
  • Desnutrición
  • Síndrome del intestino corto
  • Nutrición parenteral total crónica (especialmente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum pacientes con diabetes Diabetes Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia and dysfunction of the regulation of glucose metabolism by insulin. Type 1 DM is diagnosed mostly in children and young adults as the result of autoimmune destruction of β cells in the pancreas and the resulting lack of insulin. Type 2 DM has a significant association with obesity and is characterized by insulin resistance. Diabetes Mellitus y mayores requerimientos de insulina)
• Exceso:
  • El cromo dietético tiene poca biodisponibilidad oral (por lo que generalmente no es tóxico).
  • Toxicidad del cromo hexavalente (Cr (VI)) (transportado por el aire): ↑ riesgo de cáncer de pulmón en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum trabajadores del acero inoxidable
  • Pentavalente o Cr (V) y Cr (VI) (por inhalación): cáncer broncogénico, úlceras cutáneas, dermatitis Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin. Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema)

Cobre

Descripción general

• Símbolo: Cu
• Altas concentraciones en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum hígado, cerebro, hueso
• En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la respuesta de fase aguda, los LOS Neisseria niveles plasmáticos aumentan.
• Enfermedades hereditarias asociadas a errores congénitos del metabolismo del cobre:
  • Enfermedad de Wilson: trastorno autosómico recesivo caracterizado por características de toxicidad por cobre
  • Enfermedad de Menkes: trastorno genético ligado al AL Amyloidosis cromosoma X caracterizado por una proteína de transporte defectuosa que media en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la absorción de cobre del intestino, lo que conduce a una deficiencia de cobre

Funciones

• Involucrado en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum reacciones de oxidación–reducción
• Componente integral de enzimas importantes:
  • Ceruloplasmina (transportador de cobre y ferroxidasa)
  • Citocromo c oxidasa (transporte de electrones)
  • Superóxido dismutasa de zinc Zinc A metallic element of atomic number 30 and atomic weight 65. 38. It is a necessary trace element in the diet, forming an essential part of many enzymes, and playing an important role in protein synthesis and in cell division. Zinc deficiency is associated with anemia, short stature, hypogonadism, impaired wound healing, and geophagia. It is known by the symbol zn. Trace Elements–cobre (defensa antioxidante)
  • Lisil oxidasa (entrecruzamiento de colágeno, formación de hueso)
  • Dopamina β-hidroxilasa (síntesis de norepinefrina)
  • Tirosinasa (producción de melanina)

Ingesta y metabolismo

• Ingesta diaria recomendada:
  • Niños: 340 µg diarios
  • Adultos: 900 µg diarios
• Fuentes:
  • Mayor contenido en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum hígado
  • Productos vegetales: vegetales, granos y legumbres (semillas de leguminosas como frijoles, guisantes y lentejas)
  • Carne, pescado y aves
• Absorción: estómago e intestino delgado
• El cobre es absorbido por el hígado y se incorpora a la ceruloplasmina.
• La ceruloplasmina transporta cobre desde el hígado a los LOS Neisseria tejidos periféricos.
• Regulación:
  • Excreción a través de secreciones gastrointestinales y bilis (50% cada una)
  • La homeostasis Homeostasis The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. Cell Injury and Death del cobre se mantiene a través del proceso de excreción, especialmente a través del tracto gastrointestinal (previniendo la deficiencia y la toxicidad).

Deficiencia y toxicidad

• Deficiencia adquirida:
  • Observada en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum:
    • Cirugía gastrointestinal malabsortiva (e.g., bypass gástrico), que se manifiesta con mielopatía o síntomas neurológicos similares a los LOS Neisseria de la deficiencia de vitamina B₁₂
    • Nutrición parenteral prolongada (especialmente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum recién nacidos prematuros)
    • Diarrea crónica (como en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la enfermedad celíaca)
    • Diálisis
    • Ingesta excesiva de zinc Zinc A metallic element of atomic number 30 and atomic weight 65. 38. It is a necessary trace element in the diet, forming an essential part of many enzymes, and playing an important role in protein synthesis and in cell division. Zinc deficiency is associated with anemia, short stature, hypogonadism, impaired wound healing, and geophagia. It is known by the symbol zn. Trace Elements
    • Iatrogénico (tratamiento de la enfermedad de Wilson con quelación y zinc Zinc A metallic element of atomic number 30 and atomic weight 65. 38. It is a necessary trace element in the diet, forming an essential part of many enzymes, and playing an important role in protein synthesis and in cell division. Zinc deficiency is associated with anemia, short stature, hypogonadism, impaired wound healing, and geophagia. It is known by the symbol zn. Trace Elements → ↓ nivel de cobre)
    • Enfermedad de Menkes
  • Manifestaciones:
    • Despigmentación
    • Debilidad muscular
    • Anomalías neurológicas
    • Hepatoesplenomegalia
• Exceso:
  • Observado en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum:
    • Ingestión accidental
    • Intento de suicidio
    • Contaminación de fuentes de agua
    • Cremas tópicas con sales de cobre
    • Enfermedad de Wilson
  • Manifestaciones:
  • Síntomas gastrointestinales
  • Cirrosis hepática
  • Insuficiencia renal y cardíaca

Fluoruro

Descripción general

• Fluoruro (F–): anión monovalente derivado del flúor
• Común en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la corteza terrestre como fluoruro de calcio

Funciones

Proporciona beneficios (pero no necesarios):

• Junto con el calcio, estimula la actividad osteoblástica (aunque no se aprecia reducción de fracturas)
• Se utiliza en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la prevención de la caries dental

Ingesta y metabolismo

• Sin cantidad diaria recomendada debido a datos limitados, pero la ingesta adecuada se define como:
  • Mujeres adultas: 3 mg diarios
  • Hombres adultos: 4 mg al AL Amyloidosis día
• Fuente: se encuentra en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el té, mariscos que contienen huesos o conchas comestibles (e.g., sardinas enlatadas) y pasta de dientes con flúor
• Absorción: estómago e intestino delgado
  • Alrededor del 30% absorbido en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum tejidos calcificados
  • La mayor parte del fluoruro se encuentra en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria huesos y los LOS Neisseria dientes.
• Excreción: en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la orina

Deficiencia y toxicidad

• Los LOS Neisseria bajos niveles de flúor en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el agua potable provocan caries dental.
• Exceso:
  • Los LOS Neisseria niveles altos causan fluorosis dental y manchas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el esmalte dental.
  • En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum entornos de exposición a vapores de freón o derrames de ácido fluorhídrico, la toxicidad puede seguir a la inhalación o absorción cutánea.
  • Se observan síntomas gastrointestinales (náuseas, vómitos, diarrea), pero en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum casos graves se produce insuficiencia renal y cardíaca.

Yodo

Descripción general

• Símbolo: I
• Componente esencial de las hormonas tiroideas triyodotironina (T₃) y tiroxina (T₄)
• La deficiencia sigue siendo un problema de salud pública en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria países de recursos limitados.

Funciones

Las acciones fisiológicas de las hormonas tiroideas implican:

• Crecimiento y desarrollo
• Control de los LOS Neisseria procesos metabólicos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el cuerpo
• Producción de energía
• Lipólisis
• Regulación de la gluconeogénesis y la glucólisis

Ingesta y metabolismo

• Cantidad diaria recomendada:
  • Niños de 1–8 años: 90 µg al AL Amyloidosis día
  • Niños de 9–13 años: 120 µg al AL Amyloidosis día
  • Adolescentes y adultos: 150 µg diarios
  • Embarazo: 220 µg diarios
  • Lactancia: 290 µg diarios
• Fuentes:
  • Mariscos
  • Alimentos cultivados en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum suelos ricos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum yodo
  • Sal yodada
  • Pan y productos lácteos
• Absorción: intestino delgado proximal
  • Entra en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum circulación y se almacena en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la tiroides
  • La T₃ y la T₄ son secretadas por la tiroides.
• Excreción:
  • En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la orina
  • Las pérdidas gastrointestinales se reabsorben.

Deficiencia y toxicidad

• Deficiencia de yodo:
  • Por ingesta inadecuada
  • Efectos:
    • Bocio
    • Hipotiroidismo
    • Mayor riesgo de aborto espontáneo, parto prematuro, anomalías fetales congénitas
    • Alta incidencia de muerte neonatal
• Exceso:
  • A partir de suplementos dietéticos, medicamentos recetados, agentes de contraste radiográfico
  • Efectos:
    • Aumento abrupto de yodo en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum bocio endémico o deficiencia de yodo → hipertiroidismo
    • La administración de yodo en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la tiroiditis de Hashimoto → puede inducir hipotiroidismo

Hierro

Descripción general

• Símbolo: Fe
• Oligoelemento esencial más abundante en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el cuerpo humano
• Formas de hierro (contenido total de hierro en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el cuerpo de 3–4 g en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria hombres):
  • 75% en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum hemoproteínas:
    • En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum forma de hemoglobina (para el transporte de oxígeno)
    • Mioglobina (para el almacenamiento de oxígeno en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria tejidos)
    • Citocromo c (transporte de electrones)
    • Citocromo P450
    • Peroxidasas
  • 20%–30% en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum forma almacenada:
    • Ferritina (principal proteína de almacenamiento de hierro intracelular)
    • Hemosiderina (producto de degradación de ferritina)

Funciones

• Transporte de oxígeno
• Componente esencial de una serie de enzimas necesarias en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum:
  • Síntesis de ácido desoxirribonucleico (ADN) y ácido ribonucleico (ARN)
  • Síntesis de colágeno
  • Síntesis de anticuerpos
• Metaloenzimas (necesarias en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la síntesis de tirosina, dopamina, serotonina y noradrenalina)
• Otro(s) efecto(s) biológico(s): capaz de alternar entre formas ferrosas (Fe²⁺) y férricas (Fe³⁺), catalizando reacciones que producen especies reactivas de oxígeno, causando daño oxidativo

Ingesta y metabolismo

• Cantidad diaria recomendada:
  • Mujeres en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum edad fértil: 18 mg/día (por pérdidas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la menstruación)
  • Embarazo: 27 mg/día
  • Hombres adultos: 8 mg/día
• Fuentes:
  • Hierro hemo: carne, aves, pescado
  • Hierro no hemo: vegetales, frutas, productos alimenticios fortificados
• Absorción:
  • En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el intestino delgado
  • ↑ Por la vitamina C
  • ↓ Por calcio, ácido fítico, tanatos
• Transportado en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la sangre unido a la transferrina, luego absorbido en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la médula ósea
• Pérdidas: por piel descamada, hemorragia
• Regulación:
  • Ciertas afecciones requieren una disminución o aumento en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la absorción de hierro.
  • Hepcidina: péptido derivado del hígado que regula la concentración de hierro en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum plasma Plasma The residual portion of blood that is left after removal of blood cells by centrifugation without prior blood coagulation. Transfusion Products
    • ↑ Hierro: ↑ hepcidina para reducir la absorción de hierro
    • ↑ Inflamación: ↑ hepcidina para limitar la disponibilidad de hierro para los LOS Neisseria microorganismos
    • ↑ Eritropoyetina: ↓ hepcidina para aumentar el hierro para la hematopoyesis

Deficiencia y toxicidad

• Deficiencia:
  • Visto como anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types hipocrómica microcítica:
    • Pérdida de sangre
    • ↓ Ingesta o incapacidad para satisfacer la demanda (como en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el embarazo y la lactancia)
  • Las manifestaciones incluyen palidez, fatiga y dificultad para respirar.
• Exceso: observado en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum hemocromatosis, envenenamiento por hierro

Selenio

Descripción general

• Símbolo: Se
• Descubierto durante experimentos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum ratas: se demostró que el selenio protege a las ratas contra la necrosis Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply. Ischemic Cell Damage hepática dietética.

Funciones

• Parte del sitio activo de la glutatión peroxidasa, una enzima antioxidante
• Regula la función inmunológica, tiroidea y reproductiva

Ingesta y metabolismo

• Cantidad diaria recomendada:
  • Niños: 20 μg/día
  • Adultos: 55 μg/día
• Fuentes: mariscos, riñón e hígado, y granos
• Absorción: intestino delgado (vía de absorción de la metionina)
• Ejerce efectos a través de 2 formas:
  • Seleniometionina: reserva almacenada
  • Selenocisteína: forma activa de selenio que se encuentra en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las proteínas
• Excreción: en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la orina

Deficiencia y toxicidad

• Deficiencia:
  • Observada en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum:
    • Envejecimiento
    • Tabaquismo
    • Consumo reducido (visto en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum áreas endémicas)
    • Nutrición parenteral total (no suplementada con selenio)
  • Efectos:
    • Miocardiopatía (enfermedad de Keshan en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum China, por dietas bajas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum selenio)
    • Disfunción del músculo esquelético
    • La tiroiditis puede aumentar con la deficiencia de selenio
    • Deterioro de la inmunidad innata y adaptativa
• Exceso:
  • Observado en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum aumento de la suplementación
  • Efectos:
    • Gastrointestinales: náuseas, vómitos, diarrea
    • Neurológicos: estado mental alterado, pérdida visual, neuropatía periférica
    • Dermatológicos: pérdida de cabello, cambios en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las uñas

Zinc

Descripción general

• Símbolo: Zn
• Elemento esencial relacionado con una deficiencia común a nivel mundial
• En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum países con recursos limitados, la suplementación ayuda a reducir las infecciones graves y mejora la inmunidad.

Funciones

• Importante en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la respuesta inmune
• La deficiencia conduce al AL Amyloidosis deterioro fagocítico y a la disminución de la producción de interleucina 2 (IL-2) e inmunoglobulina.
• Estabilizador de la estructura molecular de constituyentes y membranas celulares
• Participa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la actividad metabólica de carbohidratos, proteínas y lípidos
• Desempeña un papel importante en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el crecimiento (proliferación celular, diferenciación y actividad metabólica)
• Participa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la reparación y curación de heridas

Ingesta y metabolismo

• Cantidad diaria recomendada varía según la edad y el sexo:
  • Niños: 3 mg diarios
  • Mujeres adultas: 8 mg diarios (mayor en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum embarazo y lactancia)
  • Hombres adultos: 11 mg al AL Amyloidosis día
• Fuente:
  • Mariscos (especialmente ostras), carne de res y otras carnes rojas
  • Frutos secos, granos enteros, legumbres
• Absorción: principalmente yeyuno y duodeno
  • El zinc Zinc A metallic element of atomic number 30 and atomic weight 65. 38. It is a necessary trace element in the diet, forming an essential part of many enzymes, and playing an important role in protein synthesis and in cell division. Zinc deficiency is associated with anemia, short stature, hypogonadism, impaired wound healing, and geophagia. It is known by the symbol zn. Trace Elements se libera y forma complejos con aminoácidos, fosfatos e histidinas.
  • Estos complejos se absorben a través de los LOS Neisseria intestinos → circulación portal → hígado
• Regulación:
  • La metalotioneína ( en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el enterocito) regula la absorción mediante la unión de metales pesados (tiene más afinidad por el cobre) para reducir el daño oxidativo.
  • Excreción: principalmente a través del tracto gastrointestinal (10% en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la orina)

Deficiencia y toxicidad

• Deficiencia
  • Observada en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum:
    • Insuficiencia pancreática exocrina
    • Ingesta reducida
    • Síndromes de malabsorción
    • Cirugías de bypass gástrico
    • Cirrosis alcohólica
    • Nutrición parenteral total
    • Acrodermatitis enteropática: enfermedad autosómica recesiva con alteración de la absorción de zinc Zinc A metallic element of atomic number 30 and atomic weight 65. 38. It is a necessary trace element in the diet, forming an essential part of many enzymes, and playing an important role in protein synthesis and in cell division. Zinc deficiency is associated with anemia, short stature, hypogonadism, impaired wound healing, and geophagia. It is known by the symbol zn. Trace Elements
  • Manifestaciones:
    • Retraso del crecimiento
    • Deterioro sexual (retraso en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la maduración, impotencia, hipogonadismo, oligospermia)
    • Disfunción inmune
    • Deterioro de la cicatrización de heridas
    • Lesiones cutáneas (e.g., úlceras por decúbito, lesiones vesiculoampollosas y pustulosas)
    • Cambios en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el cabello (e.g., pérdida de cabello)
• Exceso:
  • Puede ocurrir con alimentos o bebidas contaminadas
  • Se manifiesta con dolor Dolor Inflammation abdominal, diarrea, náuseas y vómitos

Otros Oligoelementos

• Molibdeno:
  • Deficiencia: anomalías neurológicas
  • Toxicidad: anomalías fetales y reproductivas
• Manganeso:
  • Deficiencia:
    • Deterioro del crecimiento y del desarrollo esquelético
    • Anomalías reproductivas
    • Disfunción en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el metabolismo de lípidos y carbohidratos
    • Erupción en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la parte superior del cuerpo
  • Toxicidad:
    • Neurotoxicidad
    • Síntomas parecidos a los LOS Neisseria de Parkinson
    • Psicosis
    • Neumoconiosis
• Boro:
  • Deficiencia: poco clara, ya que la función biológica no está determinada
  • Toxicidad: síntomas gastrointestinales, defectos del desarrollo, esterilidad masculina, atrofia testicular

Relevancia Clínica

• Anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types por deficiencia de hierro: tipo de anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types más común a nivel mundial. La anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types por deficiencia de hierro se debe a una disminución del suministro, una mayor pérdida o una mayor demanda de hierro. Los LOS Neisseria eritrocitos son microcíticos e hipocrómicos. La cinética del hierro es fundamental para el diagnóstico. La clave del tratamiento es la corrección de la causa de la deficiencia de hierro y la suplementación con hierro.
• Enfermedad de Wilson (degeneración hepatolenticular): trastorno autosómico recesivo asociado a mutaciones en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el gen ATP7B, que regula el transporte de cobre. Esta mutación hace HACE Altitude Sickness que el cobre se acumule en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el hígado, cerebro, córnea y otros órganos. Los LOS Neisseria pacientes a menudo se presentan con síntomas hepáticos, neurológicos (a menudo parecidos al AL Amyloidosis parkinsonismo) y psiquiátricos. El diagnóstico se establece mediante la detección de depósitos corneales de cobre (anillos de Kayser-Fleischer), ceruloplasmina plasmática baja y/o niveles elevados de cobre en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la orina.
• Enfermedad de Menkes: deficiencia hereditaria de cobre ligada al AL Amyloidosis cromosoma X. La enfermedad de Menkes es causada por una mutación de la proteína transportadora que media la captación de cobre del intestino, codificada por el gen ATP7A. Las mutaciones inactivadoras en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum este gen dan como resultado una deficiencia grave de cobre con deterioro neurológico progresivo y muerte durante la primera infancia. El gen ATP7A está estrechamente relacionado con el gen responsable de la sobrecarga de cobre en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la enfermedad de Wilson.
• Hipotiroidismo: afección caracterizada por la deficiencia de hormonas tiroideas. La deficiencia de yodo y la tiroiditis de Hashimoto son las 2 etiologías principales. Las características clínicas reflejan los LOS Neisseria efectos de la función orgánica más lenta/tasa metabólica disminuida. Las pruebas de laboratorio muestran niveles elevados de hormona estimulante de la tiroides (TSH, por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés) y T₄ libre baja. El tratamiento es con levotiroxina.
• Hipertiroidismo: afección causada por la sobreproducción y liberación sostenida de las hormonas tiroideas T₃ y T₄. La enfermedad de Graves es la causa más común de hipertiroidismo. Las manifestaciones se deben principalmente al AL Amyloidosis aumento de la tasa metabólica y la hiperactividad del sistema nervioso simpático. Las pruebas de laboratorio muestran TSH baja y T₄ libre elevada. El tratamiento depende de la afección subyacente.