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Esclerosis Tuberosa

La esclerosis tuberosa o complejo de esclerosis tuberosa es un trastorno autosómico dominante con síntomas principalmente neurocutáneos. La mutación en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria genes Genes A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms. DNA Types and Structure del complejo de esclerosis tuberosa provoca crecimientos excesivos similares a tumores en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el cerebro, ojos, corazón, riñones y pulmones. Las manifestaciones cutáneas incluyen hipopigmentación (i.e., manchas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum hojas de fresno, lesiones en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum confeti) o crecimiento excesivo (i.e., angiofibroma Angiofibroma A benign neoplasm of fibrous tissue in which there are numerous small and large, frequently dilated, vascular channels. Tuberous Sclerosis, parche de Shagreen). El diagnóstico se realiza ante la sospecha clínica y se confirma mediante pruebas genéticas. El tratamiento implica un enfoque multidisciplinario que se enfoca en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la monitorización y tratamiento de las diversas manifestaciones del trastorno. Los LOS Neisseria inhibidores del mTOR mTOR Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome, como sirolimus Sirolimus A macrolide compound obtained from streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to immunophilins. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties. Immunosuppressants y everolimus Everolimus A derivative of sirolimus and an inhibitor of tor serine-threonine kinases. It is used to prevent graft rejection in heart and kidney transplant patients by blocking cell proliferation signals. It is also an antineoplastic agent. Immunosuppressants, se utilizan para tratar las manifestaciones graves.

Last updated: Dec 15, 2025

Editorial responsibility: Stanley Oiseth, Lindsay Jones, Evelin Maza

Descripción General

Epidemiología

  • Prevalencia: 1 en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum cada 6 000–10 000 recién nacidos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria Estados Unidos
  • Los LOS Neisseria hombres y las mujeres están igualmente afectados.

Etiología

  • Herencia autosómica dominante
  • Mutación de pérdida de función en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum:
    • Gen TSC1 (25% de los LOS Neisseria casos):
      • Situado en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el cromosoma 9 (brazo largo)
      • Codifica hamartina → proteína supresora de tumores
    • Gen TSC2 (75% de los LOS Neisseria casos):
      • Situado en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el cromosoma 16 (brazo corto)
      • Codifica tuberina → proteína supresora de tumores
  • Mutaciones espontáneas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el 80% de los LOS Neisseria casos

Fisiopatología

  • La patología ocurre cuando se altera la base fisiológica de la quiescencia celular.
  • Hipótesis de 2 golpes:
    • Supresión tumoral:
      • Las proteínas supresoras de tumores aseguran que la célula permanezca en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la fase de reposo de un ciclo celular.
      • Pérdida de función → se elimina la señal inhibitoria → las células pasan menos tiempo en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la fase G1
    • Vía mTOR mTOR Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome:
      • Una modificación postraduccional que da como resultado una regulación positiva del ciclo celular.
      • Normalmente controlado por el complejo tuberina–hamartina
      • La pérdida del complejo da como resultado una regulación positiva continua y el crecimiento celular

Presentación Clínica

Características dermatológicas (95%)

  • Manchas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum hojas de fresno:
    • Máculas hipopigmentadas (> 5 mm)
    • Situadas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum troncos/extremidades
    • Presentes desde el nacimiento
    • ≥ 3 suele ser el signo más temprano del complejo de esclerosis tuberosa
  • Parches de Shagreen:
    • Nódulos de color carne
    • Piel engrosada de forma irregular (similar al AL Amyloidosis cuero)
    • Generalmente localizados en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la parte inferior de la espalda
  • Angiofibroma Angiofibroma A benign neoplasm of fibrous tissue in which there are numerous small and large, frequently dilated, vascular channels. Tuberous Sclerosis:
    • Manchas rojas o pequeñas protuberancias cutáneas
    • Aparece alrededor de los LOS Neisseria 3–5 años de edad y aumenta con el tiempo
    • Patrón de mariposa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la cara (región malar)
    • Fibromas ungueales: bultos lisos, firmes, de color carne que emergen de los LOS Neisseria pliegues ungueales.
  • Lesiones en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum confeti:
    • Máculas hipopigmentadas (< 3 mm)
    • Múltiples
    • Dispersas por todo el cuerpo

Características del sistema nervioso central (SNC)(70%)

  • Tubérculos corticales
  • Hamartoma Hamartoma A focal malformation resembling a neoplasm, composed of an overgrowth of mature cells and tissues that normally occur in the affected area. Colorectal Cancer glioneuronal
  • Astrocitomas subependimarios de células gigantes
  • Nódulos subependimarios
  • Se presenta con:
    • Epilepsia
    • Espasmo infantil
    • Deterioro cognitivo
    • Problemas de comportamiento
    • Síntomas de aumento de la presión craneal:
      • Cefalea
      • Vómitos
      • Diplopía

Características cardiopulmonares (40%)

Características renales

  • Angiomiolipomas
  • Quistes renales
  • Se presenta con:
    • Hemorragia
    • Dolor Dolor Inflammation en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria flancos
    • Hematuria Hematuria Presence of blood in the urine. Renal Cell Carcinoma
    • Masa abdominal dolorosa

Características oftálmicas (30%)

  • Hamartoma Hamartoma A focal malformation resembling a neoplasm, composed of an overgrowth of mature cells and tissues that normally occur in the affected area. Colorectal Cancer retinal
  • Parches acrómicos retinales (manchas hipopigmentadas)
Principales características diagnósticas del CET

Principales características diagnósticas del complejo de esclerosis tuberosa (TSC; indicadas en negritas)
LAM: linfangioleiomiomatosis
PEComa: tumor que muestra diferenciación de células epitelioides perivasculares
SEGA: astrocitoma subependimario de células gigantes

Imagen: “The clinical manifestations of TSC and LAM are diverse and affect multiple organs and tissues” por Delaney SP, Julian LM, Stanford WL Licencia: CC BY 4.0

Diagnóstico

Ninguna presentación clínica única del complejo de esclerosis tuberosa se considera diagnóstica.

  • Antecedentes detallados y examen físico
  • El examen físico completo de la piel de todo el cuerpo es crucial.
  • Estudios de imagenología para descartar manifestaciones cardiacas o renales:
    • Ultrasonido
    • Tomografía computarizada (TC)
    • Resonancia magnética (RM)
  • Criterios diagnósticos para el complejo de esclerosis tuberosa:
    • 2 características clínicas mayores O
    • 1 característica clínica mayor y ≥ 2 características clínicas menores
  • Complejo de esclerosis tuberosa probable:
    • 1 característica clínica mayor O
    • ≥ 2 características clínicas menores

Criterios diagnósticos para el complejo de esclerosis tuberosa

  • Criterios genéticos: presencia de la mutación TSC1 o TSC2
  • Criterios clínicos:
    • Características mayores:
      • Manchas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum hojas de fresno
      • Parche Shagreen
      • Angiofibroma Angiofibroma A benign neoplasm of fibrous tissue in which there are numerous small and large, frequently dilated, vascular channels. Tuberous Sclerosis
      • Fibroma ungueal
      • Hamartomas retinianos múltiples
      • Características del SNC
      • Rabdomioma cardíaco
      • Linfangioleiomiomatosis
      • Angiomiolipoma
    • Características menores:
      • Picaduras en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el esmalte dental
      • Fibromas intraorales
      • Parches acrómicos retinales
      • Quistes renales múltiples
      • Hamartoma Hamartoma A focal malformation resembling a neoplasm, composed of an overgrowth of mature cells and tissues that normally occur in the affected area. Colorectal Cancer no renal
Tuberous Sclerosis Without Multiorgan Involvement

La resonancia magnética muestra los tubérculos corticales y subcorticales

Image: “F5” by Parisa Falsafi et al. License: CC BY 3.0

Tratamiento

  • Un enfoque multidisciplinario tiene como objetivo monitorear y tratar las manifestaciones clínicas de la enfermedad.
  • Se debe discutir el asesoramiento sobre las pruebas genéticas y el modo de herencia.

Manifestaciones del SNC

  • Epilepsia:
    • Educar a los LOS Neisseria padres sobre el espasmo infantil.
    • Electroencefalograma ( EEG EEG Seizures) de manera rutinaria
    • Tratamiento de espasmos/convulsiones:
  • Tumores:
    • RM realizada cada 1–3 años
    • Tratamiento:
      • Resección quirúrgica
      • Inhibidor del mTOR mTOR Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome: everolimus Everolimus A derivative of sirolimus and an inhibitor of tor serine-threonine kinases. It is used to prevent graft rejection in heart and kidney transplant patients by blocking cell proliferation signals. It is also an antineoplastic agent. Immunosuppressants
  • Neuropsiquiatrícas:
    • Controlar las habilidades y el estado de ánimo en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum cada visita.
    • Intervenir con apoyo e intervención temprana según sea necesario.

Manifestaciones cardiacas

  • Casos asintomáticos:
    • El electrocardiograma ( ECG ECG An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a graphic representation of the electrical activity of the heart plotted against time. Adhesive electrodes are affixed to the skin surface allowing measurement of cardiac impulses from many angles. The ECG provides 3-dimensional information about the conduction system of the heart, the myocardium, and other cardiac structures. Electrocardiogram (ECG)) y ecocardiograma se realizan al AL Amyloidosis inicio del estudio y cada 3 años hasta que se produce la regresión del rabdomioma.
  • Casos sintomáticos:
    • Se necesitan evaluaciones más detalladas, especialmente de las vías de conducción, mediante pruebas de ECG ECG An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a graphic representation of the electrical activity of the heart plotted against time. Adhesive electrodes are affixed to the skin surface allowing measurement of cardiac impulses from many angles. The ECG provides 3-dimensional information about the conduction system of the heart, the myocardium, and other cardiac structures. Electrocardiogram (ECG) ambulatorias.

Manifestaciones renales

  • RM abdominal cada 3 años
  • Monitoreo de la tasa de filtración glomerular (TFG) y la presión arterial anualmente
  • Tratamiento:
    • Angiomiolipoma:
    • Quistes renales: controlar la hipertensión

Manifestaciones de la piel

  • Examen físico detallado anual de la piel
  • Asesoramiento en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum protección solar
  • Asesoramiento contra el uso de tratamientos de venta libre
  • Tratar lesiones desfigurantes con terapia láser

Manifestaciones dentales y oculares

  • Examen de la vista completo anualmente.
  • Revisiones dentales anualmente

Manifestaciones respiratorias

  • Consejería contra el tabaquismo y el uso de estrógenos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum mujeres
  • TC de alta resolución realizada cada 5–10 años (con más frecuencia si se detectan quistes)
  • Tratamiento:
    • Inhibidores del mTOR mTOR Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome: sirolimus Sirolimus A macrolide compound obtained from streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to immunophilins. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties. Immunosuppressants (1ra línea), everolimus Everolimus A derivative of sirolimus and an inhibitor of tor serine-threonine kinases. It is used to prevent graft rejection in heart and kidney transplant patients by blocking cell proliferation signals. It is also an antineoplastic agent. Immunosuppressants
    • Trasplante de pulmón

Diagnóstico Diferencial

  • Vitíligo: trastorno despigmentante más común; causado por la destrucción de los LOS Neisseria melanocitos. Se desconoce la etiología del vitíligo, pero los LOS Neisseria factores genéticos y autoinmunes pueden desempeñar un papel importante. La presentación clínica es con máculas o parches hipopigmentados o despigmentados. Las manchas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum hojas de fresno y las manchas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum confeti pueden confundirse inicialmente con la hipopigmentación observada en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el vitíligo. Sin embargo, la mucosa está respetada en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el complejo de esclerosis tuberosa y las lesiones no suelen encontrarse alrededor de la piel que recubre las articulaciones. El vitiligo Vitiligo Vitiligo is the most common depigmenting disorder and is caused by the destruction of melanocytes. Patients present with hypo- or depigmented macules or patches which often occur on the face, hands, knees, and/or genitalia. Vitiligo no se presenta con epilepsia o hamartoma Hamartoma A focal malformation resembling a neoplasm, composed of an overgrowth of mature cells and tissues that normally occur in the affected area. Colorectal Cancer.
  • Neoplasia endocrina múltiple: afecciones hereditarias autosómicas dominantes caracterizadas por ≥ 2 tumores productores de hormonas que involucran órganos endocrinos. La neoplasia endocrina múltiple 1 puede presentarse con angiofibroma Angiofibroma A benign neoplasm of fibrous tissue in which there are numerous small and large, frequently dilated, vascular channels. Tuberous Sclerosis en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum un patrón de mariposa malar similar al AL Amyloidosis que se observa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el complejo de esclerosis tuberosa; sin embargo, otras anomalías endocrinas, especialmente la participación de la glándula paratiroides, no se observan en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el complejo de esclerosis tuberosa y pueden diferenciar estas 2 afecciones.
  • Epilepsia: trastorno crónico cerebral caracterizado por convulsiones recurrentes y no provocadas. Estas convulsiones se pueden clasificar como focales o generalizadas e idiopáticas o secundarias a otra afección como la esclerosis tuberosa. La presentación clínica se correlaciona con la clasificación del trastorno epiléptico. El diagnóstico se confirma mediante el EEG EEG Seizures. Algunos trastornos epilépticos se resuelven con el tiempo, pero muchos requieren medicación antiepiléptica de por vida para su tratamiento; en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum algunos casos refractarios, pueden ser necesarios procedimientos quirúrgicos.

Referencias

  1. Crino, P.B., Nathanson, K.L., Henske, E.P. (2006). The tuberous sclerosis complex. N Engl J Med 355:1345–1356. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra055323
  2. Datta, A.N., Hahn, C.D., Sahin, M. (2008). Clinical presentation and diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis complex in infancy. J Child Neurol 23:268–273. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073807309250
  3. Krueger, D.A., Northrup, H., International Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Consensus Group. (2013). Tuberous sclerosis complex surveillance and management: recommendations of the 2012 International Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Consensus Conference. Pediatr Neurol 49:255–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2013.08.002
  4. Zamora, E.A., Aeddula, N.R. (2024). Tuberous sclerosis. In: StatPearls. Retrieved March 24, 2025, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538492/

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