Fator de Necrose Tumoral (TNF)

O fator de necrose tumoral ( TNF TNF Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a major cytokine, released primarily by macrophages in response to stimuli. The presence of microbial products and dead cells and injury are among the stimulating factors. This protein belongs to the TNF superfamily, a group of ligands and receptors performing functions in inflammatory response, morphogenesis, and cell proliferation. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), pela sigla em inglês) é uma citocina major, principalmente libertada por macrófagos em resposta a estímulos. Os fatores estimulantes incluem componentes microbianos, células mortas e lesões. Esta proteína pertence à superfamília do TNF TNF Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a major cytokine, released primarily by macrophages in response to stimuli. The presence of microbial products and dead cells and injury are among the stimulating factors. This protein belongs to the TNF superfamily, a group of ligands and receptors performing functions in inflammatory response, morphogenesis, and cell proliferation. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), um grupo de ligandos e recetores que desempenham funções de resposta inflamatória, morfogénese e proliferação celular. O fator de necrose tumoral interage com 2 recetores, que iniciam vias de transdução de sinal, causando diferentes respostas celulares (inflamação, sobrevivência celular ou apoptose). A ativação inadequada ou não restrita da sinalização do TNF TNF Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a major cytokine, released primarily by macrophages in response to stimuli. The presence of microbial products and dead cells and injury are among the stimulating factors. This protein belongs to the TNF superfamily, a group of ligands and receptors performing functions in inflammatory response, morphogenesis, and cell proliferation. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) produz inflamação crónica, como é possível observar em patologias autoimunes (e.g., artrite reumatóide, psoríase). O mecanismo de inibição do TNF TNF Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a major cytokine, released primarily by macrophages in response to stimuli. The presence of microbial products and dead cells and injury are among the stimulating factors. This protein belongs to the TNF superfamily, a group of ligands and receptors performing functions in inflammatory response, morphogenesis, and cell proliferation. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) tem sido utilizado no tratamento destas doenças inflamatórias.

Last updated: May 9, 2023

Editorial responsibility: Stanley Oiseth, Lindsay Jones, Evelin Maza

Descrição Geral

Fator de Necrose Tumoral ( TNF TNF Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a major cytokine, released primarily by macrophages in response to stimuli. The presence of microbial products and dead cells and injury are among the stimulating factors. This protein belongs to the TNF superfamily, a group of ligands and receptors performing functions in inflammatory response, morphogenesis, and cell proliferation. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), pela sigla em inglês)

  • Outras designações: TNF-ɑ, cachectina
    • Originalmente, a proteína derivada de macrófagos ficou conhecida como fator de necrose tumoral e uma segunda proteína, relacionada, derivada de linfócitos, ficou conhecida como linfotoxina.
    • Estas proteínas ligam-se ao mesmo recetor e partilham semelhanças nas sequências de aminoácidos. Anteriormente eram conhecidas como:
      • TNF-α (para o TNF TNF Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a major cytokine, released primarily by macrophages in response to stimuli. The presence of microbial products and dead cells and injury are among the stimulating factors. This protein belongs to the TNF superfamily, a group of ligands and receptors performing functions in inflammatory response, morphogenesis, and cell proliferation. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF))
      • TNF-β (para a linfotoxina)
    • Atualmente, outros estudos sobre as sequências de proteínas identificaram vários membros (ligandos e recetores) da superfamília do TNF TNF Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a major cytokine, released primarily by macrophages in response to stimuli. The presence of microbial products and dead cells and injury are among the stimulating factors. This protein belongs to the TNF superfamily, a group of ligands and receptors performing functions in inflammatory response, morphogenesis, and cell proliferation. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF).
  • Uma citocina major, libertada principalmente por macrófagos em resposta a estímulos (como lipopolissacarídeos ou outros estímulos ativadores de recetores toll-like)
  • Outras células (e.g., células T, mastócitos, fibroblastos) também produzem TNF TNF Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a major cytokine, released primarily by macrophages in response to stimuli. The presence of microbial products and dead cells and injury are among the stimulating factors. This protein belongs to the TNF superfamily, a group of ligands and receptors performing functions in inflammatory response, morphogenesis, and cell proliferation. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF).

Funções gerais do fator de necrose tumoral

  • Pró-inflamatório:
    • Ativação endotelial:
      • ↑ Moléculas de adesão endotelial (e.g., P-seletina, E-seletina)
      • ↑ Mediadores (outras citocinas, quimiocinas, eicosanóides)
      • ↑ Atividade pró-coagulante
    • Ativação de células imunes (como os leucócitos)
    • Resposta de fase aguda: mobilização de lípidos e proteínas e ↓ apetite (causando perda de peso e caquexia)
  • Proliferação e diferenciação celular
  • Apoptose
  • Atividade antitumoral

Superfamília do Fator de Necrose Tumoral

Membros da superfamília

  • 19 ligandos que interagem com 29 recetores; cada ligando tem capacidade de interagir com > 1 recetor
  • As propriedades pró-inflamatórias estão predominantemente presentes nos ligandos.
  • A maioria dos membros desempenha um papel protetor, mas também pode apresentar efeitos nocivos (associação a diversas doenças).

Membros importantes

  • TNF TNF Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a major cytokine, released primarily by macrophages in response to stimuli. The presence of microbial products and dead cells and injury are among the stimulating factors. This protein belongs to the TNF superfamily, a group of ligands and receptors performing functions in inflammatory response, morphogenesis, and cell proliferation. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF):
    • Febre (pirogénico)
    • Antitumoral
    • Mediador de inflamação e sépsis
  • Linfotoxina:
  • Ligando CD40 CD40 Members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily with specificity for CD40 ligand. They are found on mature B-lymphocytes, some epithelial cells; and lymphoid dendritic cells. Evidence suggests that CD40-dependent activation of B-cells is important for generation of memory B-cells within the germinal centers. Mutations in the CD40 antigen gene result in hyper-igm immunodeficiency syndrome, type 3. Signaling of the receptor occurs through its association with tnf receptor-associated factors. Hyper-IgM Syndrome (CD40L):
    • Expresso em células T e interação com o CD40 CD40 Members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily with specificity for CD40 ligand. They are found on mature B-lymphocytes, some epithelial cells; and lymphoid dendritic cells. Evidence suggests that CD40-dependent activation of B-cells is important for generation of memory B-cells within the germinal centers. Mutations in the CD40 antigen gene result in hyper-igm immunodeficiency syndrome, type 3. Signaling of the receptor occurs through its association with tnf receptor-associated factors. Hyper-IgM Syndrome em células B
    • ​​A interação CD40L-CD40 induz a proliferação de células B, recombinação da mudança de classe e hipermutação somática.
  • Ligando Fas (FasL):
    • Expresso em células T citotóxicas
    • Interação FasL e Fas (um recetor de morte) → proteína associada ao Fas com domínio de morte (FADD, pela sigla em inglês)) → ativação da caspase 8 → apoptose

Efeitos do Fator de Necrose Tumoral

Indução

  • O TNF TNF Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a major cytokine, released primarily by macrophages in response to stimuli. The presence of microbial products and dead cells and injury are among the stimulating factors. This protein belongs to the TNF superfamily, a group of ligands and receptors performing functions in inflammatory response, morphogenesis, and cell proliferation. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) é produzido por várias células (predominantemente macrófagos); os estímulos incluem:
    • Componentes microbianos (e.g., lipopolissacarídeos)
    • Células mortas
    • Complexos imunológicos
    • Antigénios/corpos estranhos
    • Lesão física
    • IL-1
  • Começa inicialmente ligado à membrana (pró-TNF):
    • Depois, é expresso como uma proteína transmembranar
    • Requer a clivagem proteolítica pela enzima conversora de TNF-α (TACE, pela sigla em inglês) → libertação da forma solúvel de TNF TNF Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a major cytokine, released primarily by macrophages in response to stimuli. The presence of microbial products and dead cells and injury are among the stimulating factors. This protein belongs to the TNF superfamily, a group of ligands and receptors performing functions in inflammatory response, morphogenesis, and cell proliferation. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)

Recetores do fator de necrose tumoral

  • As funções do TNF TNF Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a major cytokine, released primarily by macrophages in response to stimuli. The presence of microbial products and dead cells and injury are among the stimulating factors. This protein belongs to the TNF superfamily, a group of ligands and receptors performing functions in inflammatory response, morphogenesis, and cell proliferation. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) são mediadas por 2 tipos de recetores:
    • TNFR1 TNFR1 A tumor necrosis factor receptor subtype that has specificity for tumor necrosis factor alpha and lymphotoxin alpha. It is constitutively expressed in most tissues and is a key mediator of tumor necrosis factor signaling in the vast majority of cells. The activated receptor signals via a conserved death domain that associates with specific tnf receptor-associated factors in the cytoplasm. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF):
      • Amplamente estudado
      • Mais MAIS Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome prevalente
      • Expresso universalmente em praticamente todos os tipos de células
      • Contém o domínio de morte (DD, pela sigla em inglês) e é um membro da família de recetores de morte, com capacidade de induzir apoptose
    • TNFR2 TNFR2 A tumor necrosis factor receptor subtype that is expressed primarily in immune system cells. It has specificity for membrane-bound form of tumor necrosis factors and mediates intracellular-signaling through tnf receptor associated factors. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF):
      • Maioritariamente restrito a células imunes e algumas células tumorais
      • Não apresenta o DD, mas contém o local de ligação do fator associado ao recetor do TNF TNF Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a major cytokine, released primarily by macrophages in response to stimuli. The presence of microbial products and dead cells and injury are among the stimulating factors. This protein belongs to the TNF superfamily, a group of ligands and receptors performing functions in inflammatory response, morphogenesis, and cell proliferation. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) (TRAF, pela sigla em inglês)
      • É possível que desempenhe um papel na sobrevivência e regeneração celular
  • Os recetores desencadeiam vias de sinalização distintas, mas também interconectadas.

Efeitos

  • TNF TNF Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a major cytokine, released primarily by macrophages in response to stimuli. The presence of microbial products and dead cells and injury are among the stimulating factors. This protein belongs to the TNF superfamily, a group of ligands and receptors performing functions in inflammatory response, morphogenesis, and cell proliferation. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), via TNFR1 TNFR1 A tumor necrosis factor receptor subtype that has specificity for tumor necrosis factor alpha and lymphotoxin alpha. It is constitutively expressed in most tissues and is a key mediator of tumor necrosis factor signaling in the vast majority of cells. The activated receptor signals via a conserved death domain that associates with specific tnf receptor-associated factors in the cytoplasm. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF):
    • Efeito inflamatório:
      • Algumas proteínas (domínio de morte associado ao recetor do TNF TNF Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a major cytokine, released primarily by macrophages in response to stimuli. The presence of microbial products and dead cells and injury are among the stimulating factors. This protein belongs to the TNF superfamily, a group of ligands and receptors performing functions in inflammatory response, morphogenesis, and cell proliferation. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) tipo 1 (TRADD, pela sigla em inglês), fator 2 associado ao recetor do TNF TNF Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a major cytokine, released primarily by macrophages in response to stimuli. The presence of microbial products and dead cells and injury are among the stimulating factors. This protein belongs to the TNF superfamily, a group of ligands and receptors performing functions in inflammatory response, morphogenesis, and cell proliferation. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) (TRAF2) e a proteína de interação com o recetor (RIP, pela sigla em inglês)) são recrutadas sequencialmente.
      • As vias pró-inflamatórias, como o fator nuclear kappa-B (NF-κB, pela sigla em inglês) e as vias da proteína quinase ativada por mitógenios (MAPK, pela sigla em inglês), são ativadas.
      • Ativação do NF-κB → transcrição de proteínas inflamatórias, sobrevivência e proliferação celular, indução de genes Genes A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms. DNA Types and Structure antiapoptóticos
    • Efeito apoptótico:
      • São recrutadas TRADD e FADD.
      • É desencadeada a ativação da caspase 8 → cascata proteolítica → apoptose
  • TNF TNF Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a major cytokine, released primarily by macrophages in response to stimuli. The presence of microbial products and dead cells and injury are among the stimulating factors. This protein belongs to the TNF superfamily, a group of ligands and receptors performing functions in inflammatory response, morphogenesis, and cell proliferation. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), via TNFR2 TNFR2 A tumor necrosis factor receptor subtype that is expressed primarily in immune system cells. It has specificity for membrane-bound form of tumor necrosis factors and mediates intracellular-signaling through tnf receptor associated factors. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF):
    • O TRAF2 é recrutado → ativação de diferentes vias, como o NF-κB e a MAPK
    • Efeitos:
      • Regeneração, proliferação e sobrevivência de tecidos/células
      • Defesa do hospedeiro contra agentes patogénicos (inflamação)
TNF receptor (TNFR) pathway of signaling

Via de sinalização do recetor 1 do fator de necrose tumoral (TNFR1, pela sigla em inglês):
Complexo I (à esquerda): Com a ligação do TNF-α, o TNFR recruta várias moléculas adaptadoras, resultando na ativação do fator nuclear kappa-B (NF-κB), que induz vários genes antiapoptóticos e sinais de sobrevivência. A proteína inibitória FLICE (FLIP) e o inibidor das proteínas da apoptose (IAPs) modulam e inibem a via da apoptose. Complexo II (à direita): Sem certas proteínas de adaptação (TRAF-2, RIP), o TNFR leva ao recrutamento de proteína associada ao domínio de morte Fas (FADD). A caspase-8 é ativada e libertada no citoplasma, ativando as caspases efetoras para induzir a apoptose.
IκB: inibidor de NF-κB
TRAF-2: recetor do fator associado ao TNF
RIP: proteína de interação do recetor

Imagem por Lecturio.

Fator de Necrose Tumoral e Doenças

Doenças

  • Com a ligação a 2 recetores diferentes, o TNF TNF Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a major cytokine, released primarily by macrophages in response to stimuli. The presence of microbial products and dead cells and injury are among the stimulating factors. This protein belongs to the TNF superfamily, a group of ligands and receptors performing functions in inflammatory response, morphogenesis, and cell proliferation. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) inicia vias de transdução de sinal que produzem diferentes respostas celulares, incluindo sobrevivência celular, diferenciação, proliferação e morte celular.
  • A ativação inadequada ou não restrita da sinalização do TNF TNF Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a major cytokine, released primarily by macrophages in response to stimuli. The presence of microbial products and dead cells and injury are among the stimulating factors. This protein belongs to the TNF superfamily, a group of ligands and receptors performing functions in inflammatory response, morphogenesis, and cell proliferation. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) conduz a inflamação crónica → complicações patológicas, como doenças autoimunes
  • A secreção alterada de TNF TNF Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a major cytokine, released primarily by macrophages in response to stimuli. The presence of microbial products and dead cells and injury are among the stimulating factors. This protein belongs to the TNF superfamily, a group of ligands and receptors performing functions in inflammatory response, morphogenesis, and cell proliferation. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) está associada a doenças como:
    • Artrite reumatóide
    • Doença inflamatória intestinal (doença de Crohn e colite ulcerosa)
    • Artrite psoriática
    • Psoríase
    • Uveíte não infeciosa
Pathology of Rheumatoid arthritis

Imagem que demonstra a patologia da artrite reumatoide:
São mostradas as alterações no espaço articular

Imagem por Lecturio.

Terapêutica anti-fator de necrose tumoral

O fator de necrose tumoral apresenta múltiplos efeitos biológicos e, em certas condições (e.g., artrite reumatóide), foram observados níveis elevados de TNF TNF Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a major cytokine, released primarily by macrophages in response to stimuli. The presence of microbial products and dead cells and injury are among the stimulating factors. This protein belongs to the TNF superfamily, a group of ligands and receptors performing functions in inflammatory response, morphogenesis, and cell proliferation. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF). O mecanismo de inibição do TNF TNF Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a major cytokine, released primarily by macrophages in response to stimuli. The presence of microbial products and dead cells and injury are among the stimulating factors. This protein belongs to the TNF superfamily, a group of ligands and receptors performing functions in inflammatory response, morphogenesis, and cell proliferation. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) tem sido utilizado no tratamento de doenças inflamatórias.

Tabela: Indicações para o tratamento com anti-fator de necrose tumoral
Tratamento anti-TNF Mecanismo de ação Indicações
Infliximab Infliximab A chimeric monoclonal antibody to tnf-alpha that is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; ankylosing spondylitis; psoriatic arthritis and Crohn’s disease. Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs) Anticorpo quimérico recombinante (com uma região variável murina e uma região constante IgG1 humana) que se liga ao TNF TNF Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a major cytokine, released primarily by macrophages in response to stimuli. The presence of microbial products and dead cells and injury are among the stimulating factors. This protein belongs to the TNF superfamily, a group of ligands and receptors performing functions in inflammatory response, morphogenesis, and cell proliferation. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), impedindo a interação com o recetor
  • Doença de Crohn
  • Artrite reumatóide
  • Espondilite anquilosante
  • Psoríase em placas
  • Artrite psoriática
  • Colite ulcerosa
Etanercept Etanercept A recombinant version of soluble human tnf receptor fused to an IgG Fc fragment that binds specifically to tumor necrosis factor and inhibits its binding with endogenous tnf receptors. It prevents the inflammatory effect of tnf and is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis; psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Immunosuppressants Proteína de fusão que se liga e neutraliza o TNF TNF Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a major cytokine, released primarily by macrophages in response to stimuli. The presence of microbial products and dead cells and injury are among the stimulating factors. This protein belongs to the TNF superfamily, a group of ligands and receptors performing functions in inflammatory response, morphogenesis, and cell proliferation. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) e a linfotoxina
  • Psoríase em placas
  • Artrite idiopática juvenil poliarticular
  • Artrite psoriática
  • Artrite reumatóide
Adalimumab Adalimumab A humanized monoclonal antibody that binds specifically to tnf-alpha and blocks its interaction with endogenous tnf receptors to modulate inflammation. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; psoriatic arthritis; Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs) Anticorpo monoclonal IgG1 humanizado que bloqueia a ligação do TNF TNF Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a major cytokine, released primarily by macrophages in response to stimuli. The presence of microbial products and dead cells and injury are among the stimulating factors. This protein belongs to the TNF superfamily, a group of ligands and receptors performing functions in inflammatory response, morphogenesis, and cell proliferation. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) aos recetores
  • Espondilite anquilosante
  • Doença de Crohn
  • Hidradenite supurativa
  • Artrite idiopática juvenil
  • Artrite psoriática
  • Artrite reumatóide
  • Colite ulcerosa
  • Uveíte
Golimumab Golimumab Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs) Anticorpo monoclonal IgG1 humanizado com alta afinidade e especificidade para o TNF TNF Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a major cytokine, released primarily by macrophages in response to stimuli. The presence of microbial products and dead cells and injury are among the stimulating factors. This protein belongs to the TNF superfamily, a group of ligands and receptors performing functions in inflammatory response, morphogenesis, and cell proliferation. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)
  • Espondilite anquilosante
  • Artrite psoriática
  • Artrite reumatóide
  • Colite ulcerosa
Certolizumab Certolizumab Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs) Anticorpo monoclonal humanizado peguilado específico para o TNF TNF Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a major cytokine, released primarily by macrophages in response to stimuli. The presence of microbial products and dead cells and injury are among the stimulating factors. This protein belongs to the TNF superfamily, a group of ligands and receptors performing functions in inflammatory response, morphogenesis, and cell proliferation. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)
  • Espondilite anquilosante
  • Doença de Crohn
  • Artrite psoriática
  • Psoríase em placas
  • Artrite reumatóide

Relevância Clínica

  • Doença de Crohn (DC): doença crónica e recorrente que provoca inflamação transmural não contínua que pode envolver qualquer parte do trato GI. Geralmente são atingidos o íleo terminal e o cólon proximal. A doença de Crohn apresenta-se com diarreia intermitente não sanguinolenta e cólica abdominal. As manifestações extraintestinais podem incluir cálculos renais de oxalato de cálcio, cálculos biliares, eritema nodoso e artrite. O diagnóstico é estabelecido pela endoscopia com biópsia. O tratamento é realizado com corticosteróides, azatioprina, antibióticos e agentes anti-TNF ( infliximab Infliximab A chimeric monoclonal antibody to tnf-alpha that is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; ankylosing spondylitis; psoriatic arthritis and Crohn’s disease. Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs) e adalimumab Adalimumab A humanized monoclonal antibody that binds specifically to tnf-alpha and blocks its interaction with endogenous tnf receptors to modulate inflammation. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; psoriatic arthritis; Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs)).
  • Colite ulcerosa (CU): doença inflamatória idiopática que atinge a superfície mucosa do cólon. O reto está sempre envolvido na CU e a inflamação pode estender-se proximalmente pelo cólon. A colite ulcerativa provoca friabilidade difusa, erosões com hemorragia e perda de pregas, visíveis na endoscopia. Os indivíduos apresentam diarreia sanguinolenta, dor abdominal em cólica, tenesmo e urgência fecal. O diagnóstico é realizado por endoscopia com biópsia. O tratamento inclui mesalazina tópica, 6-mercaptopurina e agentes anti-TNF ou colectomia em casos graves.
  • Psoríase: doença inflamatória comum da pele mediada por células T. A etiologia é desconhecida, mas é possível que esta patologia ocorra por interação entre fatores genéticos e ambientais. As placas são bem circunscritas, de cor salmão e apresentam escamas prateadas. Geralmente estas surgem no couro cabeludo e nas superfícies extensoras das extremidades. O diagnóstico é clínico. As opções de tratamento incluem corticosteróides tópicos, retinóides, inibidores da calcineurina, fármacos antirreumáticos modificadores da doença ( DMARDs DMARDs Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs are antiinflammatory medications used to manage rheumatoid arthritis. The medications slow, but do not cure, the progression of the disease. The medications are classified as either synthetic or biologic agents and each has unique mechanisms of action and side effects. Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs), pela sigla em inglês), agentes biológicos, como os anti-TNF, e fototerapia.
  • Espondilite anquilosante: também conhecida como doença de Bechterew ou doença de Marie-Strümpell. A espondilite anquilosante é uma espondiloartropatia seronegativa caracterizada por inflamação crónica e indolente do esqueleto axial Axial Computed Tomography (CT). A doença grave pode provocar fusão e rigidez da coluna. Esta patologia é mais MAIS Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome frequentemente observada em homens jovens e está associada ao HLA-B27. Os indivíduos apresentam dor lombar progressiva (que melhora com a atividade), rigidez matinal e diminuição da amplitude de movimento da coluna. Também são observadas manifestações extra-articulares. O diagnóstico é baseado na história clínica, exame físico e imagem (sacroileíte e sindesmófitos em ponte). O tratamento inclui fisioterapia e AINEs. Os casos mais MAIS Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome graves podem exigir inibidores do TNF TNF Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a major cytokine, released primarily by macrophages in response to stimuli. The presence of microbial products and dead cells and injury are among the stimulating factors. This protein belongs to the TNF superfamily, a group of ligands and receptors performing functions in inflammatory response, morphogenesis, and cell proliferation. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) ou cirurgia.
  • Artrite reumatóide: poliartrite inflamatória simétrica. A artrite reumatóide é uma doença autoimune crónica e progressiva. A apresentação inclui edema Edema Edema is a condition in which excess serous fluid accumulates in the body cavity or interstitial space of connective tissues. Edema is a symptom observed in several medical conditions. It can be categorized into 2 types, namely, peripheral (in the extremities) and internal (in an organ or body cavity). Edema das articulações, dor e rigidez matinal (geralmente nas mãos). A doença prolongada e grave pode causar deformidades irreversíveis das articulações. A inflamação sistémica pode condicionar manifestações extra-articulares, incluindo nódulos reumatóides, doença pulmonar intersticial, síndrome de Felty e pericardite. O diagnóstico é clínico e confirmado pela presença do fator reumatóide, anticorpos antipeptídeo citrulinado cíclico e achados imagiológicos característicos. O tratamento inclui fisioterapia, DMARDs DMARDs Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs are antiinflammatory medications used to manage rheumatoid arthritis. The medications slow, but do not cure, the progression of the disease. The medications are classified as either synthetic or biologic agents and each has unique mechanisms of action and side effects. Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs) a longo prazo e agentes biológicos, como os anti-TNF.
  • Hidradenite supurativa ( HS HS Hypertrophic scars and keloids are raised, red, and rigid (3 rs) scars that develop during cutaneous wound healing and are characterized by a local abnormal proliferation of fibroblasts with over-production of collagen. Over-expression of growth factors and decreased production of molecules that promote matrix breakdown appear to be involved in the etiology. Hypertrophic and Keloid Scars): doença crónica cutânea que ocorre por inflamação das glândulas sudoríparas apócrinas e folículos pilosos. Geralmente, a HS HS Hypertrophic scars and keloids are raised, red, and rigid (3 rs) scars that develop during cutaneous wound healing and are characterized by a local abnormal proliferation of fibroblasts with over-production of collagen. Over-expression of growth factors and decreased production of molecules that promote matrix breakdown appear to be involved in the etiology. Hypertrophic and Keloid Scars ocorre pela oclusão do componente folicular das unidades pilossebáceas (UPSs). Esta patologia caracteriza-se pela formação de abcessos, fístulas, lesões cutâneas com drenagem, quelóides e trajetos pilonidais. O diagnóstico da HS HS Hypertrophic scars and keloids are raised, red, and rigid (3 rs) scars that develop during cutaneous wound healing and are characterized by a local abnormal proliferation of fibroblasts with over-production of collagen. Over-expression of growth factors and decreased production of molecules that promote matrix breakdown appear to be involved in the etiology. Hypertrophic and Keloid Scars é maioritariamente clínico. O tratamento inclui mudanças no estilo de vida (perda de peso e cessação tabágica) e tratamento médico com antibióticos, retinóides e agentes anti-TNF. A doença resistente requer cirurgia.

Referências

  1. Aggarwal, B.B. (2003). Signaling pathways of the TNF superfamily: a double-edged sword. Nat Rev Immunol 3:745–756. 
  2. Aggarwal, B.B., Gupta, S.C., Kim, J.H. (2012). Historical perspectives on tumor necrosis factor and its superfamily: 25 years later, a golden journey. Blood 119:651–665. doi:10.1182/blood-2011-04-325225
  3. Beutler, B., Moresco, E.Y. (2021). Innate immunity. Chapter 19 of Kaushansky, K., Prchal, J.T., Burns, L.J., Lichtman, M.A., Levi, M., Linch, D.C. (Eds.),  Williams Hematology, 10th ed. McGraw-Hill. https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=2962&sectionid=252524927
  4. Favalli, E. G., Maioli, G., & Caporali, R. (2024). Biologics or Janus Kinase Inhibitors in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Who are Insufficient Responders to Conventional Anti-Rheumatic Drugs. Drugs84(8), 877–894. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-024-02059-8
  5. Grimstad, Ø. (2016). Tumor necrosis factor and the tenacious α. JAMA Dermatol 152:557. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27168212/
  6. Kalliolias, G.D., Ivashkiv, L.B. (2016). TNF biology, pathogenic mechanisms and emerging therapeutic strategies. Nature Reviews Rheumatology 12(1):49–62. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrrheum.2015.169
  7. Krensky, A.M., Azzi, J.R., Hafler, D.A. (2017). Immunosuppressants and tolerogens. Chapter 35 of Brunton, L.L., Hilal-Dandan, R., Knollmann, B.C. (Eds.), Goodman & Gilman’s: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 13th ed. McGraw-Hill. https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=2189&sectionid=172480027
  8. Kumar, V., Abbas, A. Aster, J. (2021). Inflammation and repair. In: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 10th ed. Elsevier, pp. 88–90).
  9. Jang,D., Lee, A.-H., Shin, H.-Y.,  Song, H.-R., Park, J.-H., Kang, T.-B., Lee, S.-R., Yang, S.-H. (2021). The role of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in autoimmune disease and current TNF-α inhibitors in therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 22:2719. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33800290/
  10. Varfolomeev, E., Ashkenazi, A. (2004). Tumor necrosis factor. Cell 116:491–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(04)00166-7
  11. Wang, X., Lin, Y. (2008). Tumor necrosis factor and cancer, buddies or foes? Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 29:1275–1288. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7254.2008.00889.x

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