Lecturio logo

Domina Conceptos Médicos

Estudia para la escuela de medicina y tus examenes con Lecturio.

USMLE® Step 1    |    USMLE® Step 2    |    Exámenes del NBME®   |    ENARM    

Crea tu cuenta gratuita
Continue Learning
The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
Folato y Vitamina B12

Folato y Vitamina B12

El folato y la vitamina B12 son 2 de las vitaminas hidrosolubles más importantes desde el punto de vista clínico. Las deficiencias pueden presentarse como: anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types megaloblástica, síntomas gastrointestinales, síntomas neuropsiquiátricos y complicaciones del embarazo, incluyendo defectos del tubo neural. Es más probable que se produzcan deficiencias en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum poblaciones específicas de pacientes, especialmente deficiencias de vitamina B12, que son más comunes en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum pacientes con dietas veganas y en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum aquellos con afecciones relacionadas con el estómago y/o el íleon terminal que afectan a la absorción. Por lo general, estas vitaminas no causan toxicidad cuando se consumen en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum cantidades excesivas, incluso en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum forma de suplemento, ya que se excretan eficazmente por los LOS Neisseria riñones.

Last updated: Apr 25, 2025

Editorial responsibility: Stanley Oiseth, Lindsay Jones, Evelin Maza

Contents

Folato

Folato se refiere al AL Amyloidosis grupo de compuestos que se encuentran de forma natural en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria alimentos, así como al AL Amyloidosis ácido fólico, que se utiliza habitualmente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria suplementos. La deficiencia de folato puede provocar anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types megaloblástica y, si la deficiencia se produce en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum mujeres embarazadas, defectos del tubo neural en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum sus lactantes.

Funciones

  • Una coenzima que participa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la síntesis de ácidos nucleicos (necesaria para el ADN y el ARN)
  • Participa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la conversión de homocisteína en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum metionina
  • Se requiere para la división celular, especialmente durante el embarazo y la infancia
  • Se requiere para la producción de eritrocitos (ya que los LOS Neisseria precursores hematopoyéticos son algunas de las células que se dividen más rápidamente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el cuerpo y son sensibles a la síntesis anormal de ADN)

Absorción, metabolismo, transporte y almacenamiento

  • Los LOS Neisseria folatos ingeridos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria alimentos suelen estar en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum forma de tetrahidrofolato.
  • El tetrahidrofolato se hidroliza a una forma de monoglutamato en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el intestino.
  • La microbiota del colon Colon The large intestines constitute the last portion of the digestive system. The large intestine consists of the cecum, appendix, colon (with ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments), rectum, and anal canal. The primary function of the colon is to remove water and compact the stool prior to expulsion from the body via the rectum and anal canal. Colon, Cecum, and Appendix: Anatomy también puede sintetizar el folato.
  • Se absorbe por transporte activo principalmente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el yeyuno (el transporte pasivo también se produce a dosis farmacológicas)
  • La dihidrofolato reductasa de las células de la mucosa intestinal reduce el ácido fólico a tetrahidrofolato, que luego es metilado antes de su secreción hacia la sangre.
  • La principal forma de folato en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la sangre es el 5-metil-tetrahidrofolato
  • Aproximadamente el 50% del folato se almacena en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el hígado y el otro 50% en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la sangre y los LOS Neisseria tejidos corporales.
Role of vitamin B12 and folic acid in DNA synthesis

Función de la vitamina B12 y el ácido fólico en la síntesis del ADN (de abajo para arriba):
El folato de la dieta se absorbe en el intestino en forma de 5-metil-tetrahidrofolato. La metionina sintetasa dependiente de la vitamina B12 convierte el 5-metil-tetrahidrofolato en tetrahidrofolato. El mismo proceso genera metionina a partir de la homocisteína, y esta metionina se convierte en S-adenosilmetionina (también necesaria para la metilación del ADN). El tetrahidrofolato producido se convierte en 5,10-metileno-tetrahidrofolato. Un grupo metilo es donado desde el metileno-tetrahidrofolato al carbono 5 del uridilato para formar timidilato. Como consecuencia de la donación del grupo metilo, el metileno-tetrahidrofolato se convierte en dihidrofolato. El dihidrofolato es reducido por la reductasa para volver a generar tetrahidrofolato.

Imagen por Lecturio.

Ingesta diaria recomendada

  • Lactantes: 65–80 μg/día
  • Niños de 1–13 años: 150–300 μg diarios, según la edad
  • Personas ≥ 14 años de edad: 400 μg diarios, aumenta en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el embarazo y la lactancia
  • Verduras de hoja verde:
    • Espinacas
    • Brócoli
    • Coles de Bruselas
    • Lechuga romana
    • Espárragos
  • Legumbres:
    • Guisantes de ojos negros
    • Frijoles
    • Arvejas
    • Cacahuetes
  • Frutas:
    • Aguacate
    • Plátano
    • Papaya
    • Melón
  • Cereales, panes y leche de fórmula enriquecidos

Fuentes dietéticas

Related videos

2:54
Folate Deficiency
7:22
Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid)

Vitamina B12: Cobalamina

La vitamina B12 es importante en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la formación de los LOS Neisseria eritrocitos, y su deficiencia está asociada a la anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types megaloblástica.

Funciones

La vitamina B12 es necesaria para:

  • Producción de eritrocitos (ya que los LOS Neisseria precursores hematopoyéticos son algunas de las células que se dividen más rápidamente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el cuerpo y son sensibles a la síntesis anormal de ADN)
  • Síntesis de ADN
  • Conversión de homocisteína en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum metionina
  • Función de las células nerviosas (se desconocen los LOS Neisseria mecanismos exactos)

Absorción, metabolismo, transporte y almacenamiento

  • La vitamina B12 está ligada a las proteínas de los LOS Neisseria alimentos.
  • La saliva Saliva The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptyalin. Salivary Glands: Anatomy libera la vitamina B12 de estas proteínas.
  • En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el duodeno, la vitamina B12 se combina con el factor intrínseco secretado por las células parietales del estómago.
  • El complejo vitamina B12-factor intrínseco, se absorbe por endocitosis mediada por receptores en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el íleon terminal.
  • La vitamina B12 se secreta hacia la sangre por transporte activo, donde se une a la transcobalamina.
  • La vitamina B12 es captada por endocitosis mediada por receptores en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las células de todo el organismo (especialmente el hígado y la médula ósea), donde se convierte en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum metil-cobalamina o adenosil-cobalamina.
  • A diferencia de otras vitaminas hidrosolubles, la B12 puede almacenarse en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el hígado durante meses o años.
Absorption, transport, and metabolism of vitamin B12

Absorción, transporte y metabolismo de la vitamina B12
IF: factor intrínseco (por sus siglas en inglés)
B12-IF: complejo vitamina B12-factor intrínseco

Imagen por Lecturio.

Ingesta diaria recomendada

  • Lactantes: 0,4–0,5 μg/día
  • Niños de 1–13 años: las necesidades aumentan de 0,9 μg/día hasta 1,8 μg/día.
  • Personas ≥ 14 años: 2,4 μg/día (más en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el embarazo y la lactancia)

Fuentes dietéticas

  • Pescado y almejas
  • Carne y aves de corral
  • Lácteos
  • Huevos
  • Cereales enriquecidos y levaduras nutricionales
  • No está presente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las plantas

Related videos

9:21
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

Deficiencias de Folato y Vitamina B12

Etiología

La deficiencia de folato puede ser el resultado de:

  • Ingesta dietética insuficiente (lo más común)
  • Enfermedad hepática, incluido el abuso de alcohol
  • Aumento de las necesidades durante el embarazo
  • Medicamentos:
    • Medicamentos antiepilépticos
    • Metotrexato (un inhibidor de la dihidrofolato reductasa) utilizado en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum enfermedades reumáticas
  • Malabsorción yeyunal (e.g., enfermedad celíaca)

Las causas de la deficiencia de vitamina B12 incluyen:

  • Ingesta insuficiente: dieta vegana
  • Algunos tipos de cirugía gastrointestinal, como la gastrectomía y la resección del íleon
  • Destrucción autoinmune de las células parietales gástricas→ ↓ factor intrínseco → ↓ absorción de vitamina B12 → anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types perniciosa
  • Enfermedad del intestino delgado que afecta al AL Amyloidosis íleon terminal (e.g., enfermedad de Crohn, enfermedad celíaca)
  • Insuficiencia pancreática
  • Antiácidos que alteran su absorción (e.g., inhibidores de la bomba de protones, antagonistas de los LOS Neisseria receptores de la histamina II)
  • Mayor utilización de la vitamina B12 en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el embarazo y la lactancia

Presentación clínica

Las deficiencias de folato y vitamina B12 se presentan de forma similar. Aunque ambas pueden causar hallazgos neuropsiquiátricos, solo la deficiencia de vitamina B12 se asocia con síntomas relacionados con la degeneración subaguda de la médula espinal.

  • Puede ser asintomática y descubrirse en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum pruebas de laboratorio rutinarias
  • Anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types megaloblástica en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el hemograma
  • Síntomas de la anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types megaloblástica:
    • Fatiga
    • Falta de aire
    • Taquicardia
    • Palidez
    • Lengua adolorida con ulceraciones superficiales
    • Cambios en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la pigmentación de la piel, el cabello y/o las uñas
  • Glositis
  • Síntomas de neuropatía periférica:
    • Adormecimiento de manos y pies (que puede ser irreversible)
    • Deterioro del sentido de la posición y/o la vibración
    • Debilidad muscular
    • Ataxia Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. Ataxia-telangiectasia
  • Manifestaciones psiquiátricas:
    • Depresión o irritabilidad
    • Demencia
    • Psicosis
  • En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el embarazo, las deficiencias de folato y vitamina B12 pueden tener efectos perjudiciales para el feto:
    • Defectos del tubo neural (ambos, pero especialmente el folato)
    • Parto pretérmino
    • Bebé con bajo peso al AL Amyloidosis nacer
    • Retraso en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el desarrollo
    • Retraso en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el crecimiento

Usos Terapéuticos y Relevancia Clínica

Folato

  • El folato se utiliza para tratar la anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types megaloblástica debida a la deficiencia de folato.
  • Las vitaminas prenatales contienen folato para disminuir el riesgo de defectos del tubo neural.
  • El metotrexato es un antagonista del folato:
    • Los LOS Neisseria pacientes que toman metotrexato para enfermedades reumatológicas deben tomar suplementos de folato para minimizar los LOS Neisseria efectos secundarios.
    • Los LOS Neisseria pacientes que toman metotrexato para tratamientos contra el cáncer deben consultar a su oncólogo, ya que el folato puede reducir la eficacia de su tratamiento.
  • El folato interactúa con algunos medicamentos antiepilépticos.
  • Las personas con una mutación homocigótica de la metilentetrahidrofolato reductasa tienen una capacidad reducida para convertir el ácido fólico en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum su forma activa:
    • Conduce a niveles elevados de homocisteína
    • Estos pacientes son susceptibles a sufrir una deficiencia de folato.
    • Se sigue investigando la relevancia clínica.

Vitamina B12

  • Los LOS Neisseria síntomas de la deficiencia de vitamina B12 pueden tardar varios años en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum aparecer debido a las reservas del organismo.
  • Algunos pacientes con barreras a la absorción (e.g., enfermedad de Crohn, cirugía gástrica o anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types perniciosa) deben ser tratados con preparados inyectables de vitamina B12.
  • La prevención de la deficiencia de vitamina B12 con suplementos orales es importante en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum:
    • Pacientes con una dieta vegana
    • Mujeres embarazadas
    • Neonatos nacidos de mujeres con deficiencia de vitamina B12

Toxicidad

  • No es un problema con el consumo dietético de folato y vitamina B12
  • Con un exceso de suplementos:
    • Folato: los LOS Neisseria efectos se están investigando.
    • Vitamina B12: no se han identificado efectos tóxicos
  • Existe preocupación de que suplementar con folato, enmascare una deficiencia de vitamina B12 al AL Amyloidosis corregir la anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types megaloblástica sin corregir la deficiencia de vitamina B12.

Referencias

  1. Miller, J. W., Shane, B., & Green, R. (2024). Excess folic acid and vitamin B12 deficiency: Clinical implications? Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 45(1_suppl), S67-S72. https://doi.org/10.1177/03795721241229503
  2. Moravcová, M., Vaňková, K., & Červinková, Z. (2025). Biological properties of vitamin B12. Nutrition Research Reviews, 38(1), 338-370. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954422424000210
  3. Nelson, D. L., & Cox, M. M. (2021). Lehninger principles of biochemistry (8th ed.). W. H. Freeman and Company.
  4. Treatment of vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies. (2025). UpToDate. Retrieved May 20, 2025, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-vitamin-b12-and-folate-deficiencies
  5. Ulloque-Badaracco, J. R., Salas-Perez, F., Torrealba-Acosta, G., Bonifacio-Chamorro, K. J., Hernandez, A. V., & Benites-Zapata, V. A. (2025). Vitamin B12, folate, and homocysteine levels in children and adolescents with obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Public Health, 13, Article 1481002. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1481002
  6. Vitamin B12 and folate deficiency, clinical manifestations and diagnosis. (2025). UpToDate. Retrieved May 20, 2025, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-vitamin-b12-and-folate-deficiency
  7. Zwierz, M., Stańczykiewicz, B., & Talarowska, M. (2025). Vitamin B12 and autism spectrum disorder: A review of current evidence. Nutrients, 17(7), Article 1220. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071220
2025 Lecturio GmbH. Todos los derechos reservados.

USMLE™ es un programa conjunto de la Federation of State Medical Boards (FSMB®) y la National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME®). MCAT es una marca registrada de la Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC). NCLEX®, NCLEX-RN® y NCLEX-PN® son marcas registradas del National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc (NCSBN®). Ninguno de los titulares de las marcas registradas está avalado ni afiliado a Lecturio.

¡Crea tu cuenta gratis o inicia una sesión para seguir leyendo!

Regístrate ahora y obtén acceso gratuito a Lecturio con páginas de concepto, videos médicos y cuestionarios para tu educación médica.

INICIA UNA SESIÓN EN TU CUENTA

User Reviews

Que tengas una sesión de estudio alegre y navideña 🎁 Ahorra 50% en todos los planes >>

AHORRA AHORA
Details