Cystoisospora/Cistoisosporiasis y Cyclospora/Ciclosporiasis

Características Generales

Características básicas de Cystoisospora Cystoisospora Cystoisospora is a genus within the Coccidia subclass of protozoans. They are single-celled, obligate intracellular parasites that cause intestinal infections in humans. Humans are the only host for these species, and they are both transmitted through the fecal-oral route. The symptoms of cystoisosporiasis are watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever. Cystoisospora/Cystoisosporiasis and Cyclospora/Cyclosporiasis y Cyclospora Cyclospora Cyclospora is a genus within the Coccidia subclass of protozoans. They are single-celled, obligate intracellular parasites that cause intestinal infections in humans. Humans are the only host for these species, and they are both transmitted through the fecal-oral route. The symptoms of cyclosporiasis are watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever. Cystoisospora/Cystoisosporiasis and Cyclospora/Cyclosporiasis

• Protozoos:
  • Unicelulares
  • Parásitos intracelulares obligatorios
• Taxonomía:
  • Clase: Conoidasida Conoidasida Cystoisospora/Cystoisosporiasis and Cyclospora/Cyclosporiasis
  • Subclase: Coccidia Coccidia A subclass of protozoans commonly parasitic in the epithelial cells of the intestinal tract but also found in the liver and other organs. Its organisms are found in both vertebrates and higher invertebrates and comprise two orders: eimeriida and eucoccidiida. Cystoisospora/Cystoisosporiasis and Cyclospora/Cyclosporiasis

Especies clínicamente relevantes

Ambos organismos causan enfermedades intestinales en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria humanos.

• Cystoisospora belli Cystoisospora Belli Cystoisospora/Cystoisosporiasis and Cyclospora/Cyclosporiasis (previamente conocida como Isospora belli Isospora belli Cystoisospora/Cystoisosporiasis and Cyclospora/Cyclosporiasis) causa la cistoisosporiasis.
• Cyclospora cayetanensis Cyclospora Cayetanensis Cystoisospora/Cystoisosporiasis and Cyclospora/Cyclosporiasis causa la ciclosporiasis.

Epidemiología

Cystoisospora Cystoisospora Cystoisospora is a genus within the Coccidia subclass of protozoans. They are single-celled, obligate intracellular parasites that cause intestinal infections in humans. Humans are the only host for these species, and they are both transmitted through the fecal-oral route. The symptoms of cystoisosporiasis are watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever. Cystoisospora/Cystoisosporiasis and Cyclospora/Cyclosporiasis:

• Ocurre a nivel mundial
• Predomina en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las regiones tropicales y subtropicales
• De los LOS Neisseria coccidios intestinales, es la especie que infecta a los LOS Neisseria humanos con menor frecuencia

Cyclospora Cyclospora Cyclospora is a genus within the Coccidia subclass of protozoans. They are single-celled, obligate intracellular parasites that cause intestinal infections in humans. Humans are the only host for these species, and they are both transmitted through the fecal-oral route. The symptoms of cyclosporiasis are watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever. Cystoisospora/Cystoisosporiasis and Cyclospora/Cyclosporiasis:

• Se encuentra en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum países en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum desarrollo en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum zonas tropicales y subtropicales:
  • América Latina
  • Egipto
  • África subsahariana
  • India
  • Sudeste de Asia ASIA Spinal Cord Injuries
• Estados Unidos: aproximadamente 16 000 casos anuales de enfermedad transmitida por alimentos

Patogénesis

Huésped

Ambas especies se encuentran solamente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria seres humanos.

Factores de riesgo

Cystoisospora Cystoisospora Cystoisospora is a genus within the Coccidia subclass of protozoans. They are single-celled, obligate intracellular parasites that cause intestinal infections in humans. Humans are the only host for these species, and they are both transmitted through the fecal-oral route. The symptoms of cystoisosporiasis are watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever. Cystoisospora/Cystoisosporiasis and Cyclospora/Cyclosporiasis (enfermedad grave):

• VIH/SIDA
• Linfoma y leucemia
• Hipogammaglobulinemia
• Terapia inmunosupresora
• Bebés y niños pequeños

Cyclospora Cyclospora Cyclospora is a genus within the Coccidia subclass of protozoans. They are single-celled, obligate intracellular parasites that cause intestinal infections in humans. Humans are the only host for these species, and they are both transmitted through the fecal-oral route. The symptoms of cyclosporiasis are watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever. Cystoisospora/Cystoisosporiasis and Cyclospora/Cyclosporiasis:

• Zonas endémicas:
  • Malas condiciones sanitarias
  • Nivel socioeconómico bajo
• Zonas no endémicas:
  • Viajeros
  • Importación de alimentos frescos de regiones endémicas
• Enfermedad grave:
  • Niños pequeños
  • Adultos mayores
  • Individuos inmunocomprometidos (e.g., aquellos con VIH/SIDA)

Transmisión

Ambas especies se transmiten por vía fecal-oral (ingestión de agua y alimentos contaminados).

Ciclo de vida

Cystoisospora Cystoisospora Cystoisospora is a genus within the Coccidia subclass of protozoans. They are single-celled, obligate intracellular parasites that cause intestinal infections in humans. Humans are the only host for these species, and they are both transmitted through the fecal-oral route. The symptoms of cystoisosporiasis are watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever. Cystoisospora/Cystoisosporiasis and Cyclospora/Cyclosporiasis y Cyclospora Cyclospora Cyclospora is a genus within the Coccidia subclass of protozoans. They are single-celled, obligate intracellular parasites that cause intestinal infections in humans. Humans are the only host for these species, and they are both transmitted through the fecal-oral route. The symptoms of cyclosporiasis are watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever. Cystoisospora/Cystoisosporiasis and Cyclospora/Cyclosporiasis tienen un ciclo de vida similar:

• Ingestión de ooquistes esporulados procedentes de alimentos o agua contaminados
• Los LOS Neisseria esporozoítos se liberan en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el intestino delgado → penetran en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las células epiteliales intestinales
• Se someten a reproducción asexual → el estadio sexual comienza después de invadir otra célula
• La fecundación da lugar a ooquistes inmaduros → excretados en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las heces
• La esporulación se produce en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el medio ambiente

Presentación Clínica

Cistoisosporiasis

La cistoisosporiasis tiene un periodo de incubación de 7–14 días. La presentación de la enfermedad puede variar en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum función del estado inmunológico del individuo.

• Huésped inmunocompetente:
  • Presentación aguda
  • Suele ser leve y autolimitada (suele resolverse en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum 7–10 días)
  • Algunos huéspedes son asintomáticos.
  • Diarrea:
    • No sanguinolenta
    • Acuosa
    • Instauración repentina
  • Cólicos abdominales
  • Anorexia Anorexia The lack or loss of appetite accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder anorexia nervosa. Anorexia Nervosa
  • Náuseas y vómitos
  • Fiebre
  • Malestar
  • Malabsorción y pérdida de peso (con síntomas prolongados)
  • También asociada con colecistitis acalculosa
• Huésped inmunodeprimido:
  • Curso clínico crónico y prolongado
  • Diarrea severa:
    • No sanguinolenta
    • Puede desarrollar esteatorrea
  • Dolor Dolor Inflammation abdominal
  • Fiebre
  • Malabsorción y pérdida de peso
  • Deshidratación:
    • Insuficiencia renal
    • Alteraciones electrolíticas

Ciclosporiasis

La ciclosporiasis tiene un periodo de incubación de aproximadamente 7 días.

• Generalmente, tiene una presentación asintomática, especialmente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum individuos inmunocompetentes
• Puede durar de semanas a meses (si no se trata)
• Síntomas generales:
  • Diarrea:
    • Acuosa
    • Ocasionalmente, se puede observar sangre o moco
  • Anorexia Anorexia The lack or loss of appetite accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder anorexia nervosa. Anorexia Nervosa
  • Náuseas
  • Fatiga
  • Pérdida de peso
  • Distensión y flatulencia
  • Fiebre leve
  • Enfermedad biliar

Diagnóstico

Diagnóstico de la cistoisosporiasis

• Resultados generales de laboratorio:
  • Eosinofilia
  • Evidencia de deshidratación:
    • ↓ K
    • ↓ Magnesio
    • ↓ Bicarbonato
    • ↑ Creatinina
• Pruebas de diagnóstico:
  • Detección de ooquistes en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las heces:
    • Quiste con paredes finas y elipsoidales
    • Positivo a tinción ácido-alcohol resistente (utilizando la tinción de ácido-alcohol resistente modificada)
  • PCR PCR Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique that amplifies DNA fragments exponentially for analysis. The process is highly specific, allowing for the targeting of specific genomic sequences, even with minuscule sample amounts. The PCR cycles multiple times through 3 phases: denaturation of the template DNA, annealing of a specific primer to the individual DNA strands, and synthesis/elongation of new DNA molecules. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) para detectar el ADN de Cystoisospora Cystoisospora Cystoisospora is a genus within the Coccidia subclass of protozoans. They are single-celled, obligate intracellular parasites that cause intestinal infections in humans. Humans are the only host for these species, and they are both transmitted through the fecal-oral route. The symptoms of cystoisosporiasis are watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever. Cystoisospora/Cystoisosporiasis and Cyclospora/Cyclosporiasis
  • Biopsia intestinal que muestra la presencia de parásitos

Diagnóstico de la ciclosporiasis

• Detección de ooquistes en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las heces:
  • Tinción ácido-alcohol resistente modificada: cuerpos redondos de color rosa o púrpura
  • Tinción de safranina: los LOS Neisseria ooquistes son de color rojo/anaranjado rojizo
  • Autofluorescencia con microscopía de fluorescencia
• PCR PCR Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique that amplifies DNA fragments exponentially for analysis. The process is highly specific, allowing for the targeting of specific genomic sequences, even with minuscule sample amounts. The PCR cycles multiple times through 3 phases: denaturation of the template DNA, annealing of a specific primer to the individual DNA strands, and synthesis/elongation of new DNA molecules. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) para detectar el ADN de Cyclospora Cyclospora Cyclospora is a genus within the Coccidia subclass of protozoans. They are single-celled, obligate intracellular parasites that cause intestinal infections in humans. Humans are the only host for these species, and they are both transmitted through the fecal-oral route. The symptoms of cyclosporiasis are watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever. Cystoisospora/Cystoisosporiasis and Cyclospora/Cyclosporiasis en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las heces

Tratamiento

Tratamiento de la cistoisosporiasis

• Generalmente, la infección es autolimitada en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum individuos inmunocompetentes
• Reposición de líquidos y electrolitos para la deshidratación
• Soporte nutricional en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum casos de desnutrición
• Terapia antimicrobiana:
  • Indicaciones:
    • Personas inmunocomprometidas
    • Personas inmunocompetentes con síntomas persistentes
  • Opciones:
    • Trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol (TMP-SMX; 1era opción)
    • Ciprofloxacina
    • Pirimetamina más leucovorina
    • Nitazoxanida
• Terapia antirretroviral para personas con SIDA
• Profilaxis secundaria para ↓ riesgo de recaída en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum individuos inmunocomprometidos: TMP-SMX

Tratamiento de la ciclosporiasis

Los LOS Neisseria antimicrobianos utilizados para el tratamiento de la ciclosporiasis incluyen:

• TMP-SMX (1era opción)
• Nitazoxanida
• Ciprofloxacina

Diagnóstico Diferencial

• Microsporidiosis Microsporidiosis Microsporidia are a group of obligate intracellular organisms that were recently reclassified as fungi. The most common species of Microsporidia is Enterocytozoon bieneusi. Microsporidia species are ubiquitous, with a wide range of reservoirs. Immunocompromised individuals (particularly those with AIDS and a CD4 count < 100 cells/µL) most commonly develop symptomatic microsporidiosis. Microsporidia/Microsporidiosis: causada por un grupo de organismos intracelulares formadores de esporas que han sido recientemente reclasificados como hongos (antes clasificados como protozoos). Los LOS Neisseria microsporidios afectan más comúnmente a los LOS Neisseria individuos inmunocomprometidos (particularmente aquellos con SIDA) y causan diarrea y otras infecciones diseminadas. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante la identificación de los LOS Neisseria organismos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum heces, orina, secreciones o muestras de biopsia. El tratamiento depende de la especie e incluye una amplia gama de antimicrobianos.
• Gastroenteritis Gastroenteritis Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the stomach and intestines, commonly caused by infections from bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Transmission may be foodborne, fecal-oral, or through animal contact. Common clinical features include abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and dehydration. Gastroenteritis: inflamación del estómago y de los LOS Neisseria intestinos, comúnmente causada por infecciones bacterianas, virales o parasitarias. La mayoría de casos son virales. Las características clínicas comunes de la gastroenteritis Gastroenteritis Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the stomach and intestines, commonly caused by infections from bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Transmission may be foodborne, fecal-oral, or through animal contact. Common clinical features include abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and dehydration. Gastroenteritis incluyen dolor Dolor Inflammation abdominal, diarrea, vómitos, fiebre y deshidratación. Las pruebas de diagnóstico con análisis o cultivo de heces no siempre son necesarias, pero pueden ayudar a determinar la etiología en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum determinadas circunstancias. La mayoría de los LOS Neisseria casos son autolimitados, por lo que el único tratamiento necesario es la terapia de soporte (líquidos).
• Criptosporidiosis: infección por Cryptosporidium Cryptosporidium A genus of coccidian parasites of the family cryptosporidiidae, found in the intestinal epithelium of many vertebrates including humans. Hyper-IgM Syndrome. Los LOS Neisseria individuos tendrán diarrea acuosa, cólicos abdominales, náuseas y fiebre que dura 2–3 semanas, pero la infección puede ser más persistente y grave en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum individuos inmunocomprometidos. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante la identificación del organismo en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum una muestra de heces. La criptosporidiosis suele ser autolimitada, pero puede requerir nitazoxanida en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum casos persistentes o graves.
• Giardiasis Giardiasis An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan giardia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. Giardia/Giardiasis: causada por Giardia Giardia A genus of flagellate intestinal eukaryotes parasitic in various vertebrates, including humans. Characteristics include the presence of four pairs of flagella arising from a complicated system of axonemes and cysts that are ellipsoidal to ovoidal in shape. Nitroimidazoles lamblia, un protozoo flagelado que puede infectar el tracto intestinal. El síntoma distintivo de la giardiasis Giardiasis An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan giardia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. Giardia/Giardiasis es la esteatorrea fétida. Los LOS Neisseria individuos que desarrollan infecciones crónicas pueden experimentar pérdida de peso, retraso en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el desarrollo y deficiencias de vitaminas como resultado de la malabsorción. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante la detección de la Giardia Giardia A genus of flagellate intestinal eukaryotes parasitic in various vertebrates, including humans. Characteristics include the presence of four pairs of flagella arising from a complicated system of axonemes and cysts that are ellipsoidal to ovoidal in shape. Nitroimidazoles, sus antígenos o su ADN en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las heces. El tratamiento incluye medidas de soporte y terapia antimicrobiana con metronidazol, tinidazol o nitazoxanida.
• Diarrea del viajero: gastroenteritis Gastroenteritis Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the stomach and intestines, commonly caused by infections from bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Transmission may be foodborne, fecal-oral, or through animal contact. Common clinical features include abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and dehydration. Gastroenteritis que suele ser causada por bacterias o virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology presentes en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el agua local, como la Escherichia coli Escherichia coli The gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli is a key component of the human gut microbiota. Most strains of E. coli are avirulent, but occasionally they escape the GI tract, infecting the urinary tract and other sites. Less common strains of E. coli are able to cause disease within the GI tract, most commonly presenting as abdominal pain and diarrhea. Escherichia coli enterotoxigénica o el norovirus Norovirus Norovirus is a nonenveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the Caliciviridae family. Norovirus infections are transmitted via the fecal-oral route or by aerosols from vomiting. The virus is one of the most common causes of nonbacterial gastroenteritis epidemic worldwide. Symptoms include watery and nonbloody diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and low-grade fever. Norovirus. Los LOS Neisseria síntomas se producen tras el consumo de agua o alimentos contaminados e incluyen diarrea acuosa, malestar y cólicos abdominales. El diagnóstico es clínico y la enfermedad es autolimitada.