Neutropenia Congénita Grave

A neutropenia Neutropenia Neutrophils are an important component of the immune system and play a significant role in the eradication of infections. Low numbers of circulating neutrophils, referred to as neutropenia, predispose the body to recurrent infections or sepsis, though patients can also be asymptomatic. Neutropenia congénita grave (SCN, pela sigla em inglês) afeta a mielopoiese e tem muitos subtipos diferentes. A SCN manifesta-se na infância por infeções bacterianas com risco de vida. O tratamento comprovadamente eficaz é a administração do fator estimulador de colónias de granulócitos, que eleva a contagem diminuída de neutrófilos. A doença de Kostmann (SCN3) tem um padrão de transmissão autossómico recessivo, enquanto o subtipo mais MAIS Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome comum, SCN1, tem transmissão autossómica dominante.

Last updated: Dec 15, 2025

Editorial responsibility: Stanley Oiseth, Lindsay Jones, Evelin Maza

Etiologia

Fatos gerais

Em 50%–60% casos, neutropenia Neutropenia Neutrophils are an important component of the immune system and play a significant role in the eradication of infections. Low numbers of circulating neutrophils, referred to as neutropenia, predispose the body to recurrent infections or sepsis, though patients can also be asymptomatic. Neutropenia congénita grave (SCN) é devido a uma mutação do gene Gene A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms. Basic Terms of Genetics ELANE autossómico dominante. No entanto, a mutação inicial descrita por Kostmann foi em HAX1, transmitida num padrão autossómico recessivo. A transmissão recessiva ligada ao X é devida a mutações na proteína do gene Gene A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms. Basic Terms of Genetics da síndrome de Wiskott-Aldrich (WASP).

Subtipos

A tabela a seguir resume cada subtipo de SCN, os genes Genes A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms. DNA Types and Structure envolvidos e a sua função, bem como o seu modo de transmissão.

Tabela: Subtipos de SCN
Tipo Gene Gene A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms. Basic Terms of Genetics mutado Proteína afetada Modo de transmissão
SCN1 ELANE (19p13.3) Elastase Elastase A protease of broad specificity, obtained from dried pancreas. Molecular weight is approximately 25, 000. The enzyme breaks down elastin, the specific protein of elastic fibers, and digests other proteins such as fibrin, hemoglobin, and albumin. Proteins and Peptides de neutrófilos (a mutação leva a proteína mal dobrada, o que leva ao aumento da apoptose) AD AD The term advance directive (AD) refers to treatment preferences and/or the designation of a surrogate decision-maker in the event that a person becomes unable to make medical decisions on their own behalf. Advance directives represent the ethical principle of autonomy and may take the form of a living will, health care proxy, durable power of attorney for health care, and/or a physician’s order for life-sustaining treatment. Advance Directives
SCN2 GFI1 (1p22.1) Repressor dos processos transcricionais (a mutação leva à perda da repressão) AD AD The term advance directive (AD) refers to treatment preferences and/or the designation of a surrogate decision-maker in the event that a person becomes unable to make medical decisions on their own behalf. Advance directives represent the ethical principle of autonomy and may take the form of a living will, health care proxy, durable power of attorney for health care, and/or a physician’s order for life-sustaining treatment. Advance Directives
SCN3 HAX1 (1q21.3) Proteína X-1 associada a HCLS1 (funciona no controlo da apoptose) AR AR Aortic regurgitation (AR) is a cardiac condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the aorta to the left ventricle during diastole. Aortic regurgitation is associated with an abnormal aortic valve and/or aortic root stemming from multiple causes, commonly rheumatic heart disease as well as congenital and degenerative valvular disorders. Aortic Regurgitation
SCN4 G6PC3 (17q21.31) G6Pase – a mutação leva à abolição da atividade enzimática, glicosilação aberrante e apoptose aumentada de células mieloides AR AR Aortic regurgitation (AR) is a cardiac condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the aorta to the left ventricle during diastole. Aortic regurgitation is associated with an abnormal aortic valve and/or aortic root stemming from multiple causes, commonly rheumatic heart disease as well as congenital and degenerative valvular disorders. Aortic Regurgitation
SCN5 VPS45 (1q21.2) Proteína mediada por vesícula (controla o tráfego vesicular) AR AR Aortic regurgitation (AR) is a cardiac condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the aorta to the left ventricle during diastole. Aortic regurgitation is associated with an abnormal aortic valve and/or aortic root stemming from multiple causes, commonly rheumatic heart disease as well as congenital and degenerative valvular disorders. Aortic Regurgitation
SCNX WAS (Xp11.23)—implicado na síndrome de Wiskott-Aldrich WASP – regulador do citoesqueleto de actina (a mutação é uma mutação de ganho de função que leva à perda da autoinibição) Recessiva ligada ao X
AD: autossómica dominante
AR: autossómica recessiva
G6Pase: glicose-6-fosfatase

Classificação

Origem da neutropenia Neutropenia Neutrophils are an important component of the immune system and play a significant role in the eradication of infections. Low numbers of circulating neutrophils, referred to as neutropenia, predispose the body to recurrent infections or sepsis, though patients can also be asymptomatic. Neutropenia

A neutropenia Neutropenia Neutrophils are an important component of the immune system and play a significant role in the eradication of infections. Low numbers of circulating neutrophils, referred to as neutropenia, predispose the body to recurrent infections or sepsis, though patients can also be asymptomatic. Neutropenia pode surgir de qualquer uma das 3 vias patogénicas:

  • Produção insuficiente de medula óssea: destruição e infiltração da medula óssea por infeção, malignidade ou toxicidade de fármacos
  • Mudanças e aumento da destruição de neutrófilos do conjunto circulante de células
  • A lesão neutrofílica pode surgir de doenças imunológicas:
    • Lúpus eritematoso sistémico
    • Toxicidade de fármacos
    • Sequestro esplênico

Tipos de neutropenia Neutropenia Neutrophils are an important component of the immune system and play a significant role in the eradication of infections. Low numbers of circulating neutrophils, referred to as neutropenia, predispose the body to recurrent infections or sepsis, though patients can also be asymptomatic. Neutropenia

Hereditária:

  • Neutropenia Neutropenia Neutrophils are an important component of the immune system and play a significant role in the eradication of infections. Low numbers of circulating neutrophils, referred to as neutropenia, predispose the body to recurrent infections or sepsis, though patients can also be asymptomatic. Neutropenia congénita
  • Herdado e muito grave
  • Padrão de transmissão autossómico dominante mais MAIS Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome comum
  • Mais MAIS Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome comum em bebés e crianças pequenas
  • Neutropenia Neutropenia Neutrophils are an important component of the immune system and play a significant role in the eradication of infections. Low numbers of circulating neutrophils, referred to as neutropenia, predispose the body to recurrent infections or sepsis, though patients can also be asymptomatic. Neutropenia crónica (síndrome de Kostmann):
    • Condição agressiva
    • Transmitida por padrão autossómico recessivo
  • Neutropenia Neutropenia Neutrophils are an important component of the immune system and play a significant role in the eradication of infections. Low numbers of circulating neutrophils, referred to as neutropenia, predispose the body to recurrent infections or sepsis, though patients can also be asymptomatic. Neutropenia cíclica:
    • Apresenta-se em muitos membros de uma família
    • Ocorre a cada 3 semanas e continua por 3 a 6 dias por ciclo
    • Sintomas: infeções, febre e úlcera
    • A maioria das crianças melhora após a puberdade.

Adquirida:

  • Mais MAIS Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome comuns do que os tipos hereditários
  • Neutropenia Neutropenia Neutrophils are an important component of the immune system and play a significant role in the eradication of infections. Low numbers of circulating neutrophils, referred to as neutropenia, predispose the body to recurrent infections or sepsis, though patients can also be asymptomatic. Neutropenia imunomediada
  • Neutropenia Neutropenia Neutrophils are an important component of the immune system and play a significant role in the eradication of infections. Low numbers of circulating neutrophils, referred to as neutropenia, predispose the body to recurrent infections or sepsis, though patients can also be asymptomatic. Neutropenia induzida por fármacos:
    • O fármaco atua como um hapteno induzindo a formação de anticorpos.
    • Fármacos comuns:
      • Quinidina
      • Aminopirina
      • Penicilina
      • Cefalosporinas
      • Fenotiazinas
      • Sulfonamidas
      • Hidralazina

Autoimune:

  • Pode ser primário ou secundário
  • Forma primária:
    • Anticorpos antineutrófilos que causam destruição periférica
    • Geralmente leve e autolimitada
  • Forma secundária:
    • Geralmente devida a outra doença autoimune, infeção ou malignidade
    • Muito rara em lactentes e mais MAIS Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome provável em doentes > 1 ano de idade

Infeções:

  • Virais:
    • Sarampo
    • Influenza Influenza Influenza viruses are members of the Orthomyxoviridae family and the causative organisms of influenza, a highly contagious febrile respiratory disease. There are 3 primary influenza viruses (A, B, and C) and various subtypes, which are classified based on their virulent surface antigens, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Influenza typically presents with a fever, myalgia, headache, and symptoms of an upper respiratory infection. Influenza Viruses/Influenza
    • EBV EBV Epstein-barr virus (EBV) is a linear, double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the herpesviridae family. This highly prevalent virus is mostly transmitted through contact with oropharyngeal secretions from an infected individual. The virus can infect epithelial cells and B lymphocytes, where it can undergo lytic replication or latency. Epstein-Barr Virus
    • CMV
    • Hepatites virais
    • VIH
  • Bacterianas/parasitárias:
    • Tifoide
    • Toxoplasmose
    • Brucelose
    • Infeções por Rickettsia Rickettsia Rickettsiae are a diverse collection of obligate intracellular, gram-negative bacteria that have a tropism for vascular endothelial cells. The vectors for transmission vary by species but include ticks, fleas, mites, and lice. Rickettsia
    • Malária
    • Dengue Dengue An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of aedes mosquitoes infected with dengue virus. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. Severe dengue is a more virulent form of dengue. Dengue Virus

Mista: neutropenia Neutropenia Neutrophils are an important component of the immune system and play a significant role in the eradication of infections. Low numbers of circulating neutrophils, referred to as neutropenia, predispose the body to recurrent infections or sepsis, though patients can also be asymptomatic. Neutropenia benigna crónica

Apresentação Clínica

Sinais e sintomas

  • Infeções recorrentes das mucosas, principalmente na boca, garganta e pele, devido à baixa imunidade
  • Septicemia
  • Febre e arrepios
  • Otite média
  • Estomatite e periodontite
  • Esplenomegalia
  • Hemorragias petequiais e hematomas fáceis devido à depressão de outras linhagens celulares na maioria das condições
  • Atraso no crescimento
  • Mal-estar geral do corpo
  • Falta de apetite e perda de peso

História completa e exame objetivo

  • A história familiar é importante.
  • As crianças geralmente apresentam uma história de:
    • Pneumonia Pneumonia Pneumonia or pulmonary inflammation is an acute or chronic inflammation of lung tissue. Causes include infection with bacteria, viruses, or fungi. In more rare cases, pneumonia can also be caused through toxic triggers through inhalation of toxic substances, immunological processes, or in the course of radiotherapy. Pneumonia
    • Infeções de ouvido
    • Amidalite
    • Gastroenterite
    • Infeções cutâneas
    • Faringite
  • Ao exame objetivo:
    • Febre (muitas vezes há febre sem sinais focais da doença)
    • Úlceras
    • Gengivite
    • Abcessos
    • Pneumonia Pneumonia Pneumonia or pulmonary inflammation is an acute or chronic inflammation of lung tissue. Causes include infection with bacteria, viruses, or fungi. In more rare cases, pneumonia can also be caused through toxic triggers through inhalation of toxic substances, immunological processes, or in the course of radiotherapy. Pneumonia
    • Infeções cutâneas
    • Linfadenopatia cervical
    • Atraso no crescimento

Diagnóstico

  • Contagem absoluta de neutrófilos (ANC, pela siga em inglês):
    • Na neutropenia Neutropenia Neutrophils are an important component of the immune system and play a significant role in the eradication of infections. Low numbers of circulating neutrophils, referred to as neutropenia, predispose the body to recurrent infections or sepsis, though patients can also be asymptomatic. Neutropenia, a ANC é reduzida.
    • Em lactentes: CAN < 1000/µL
    • Crianças > 1 ano de idade: CAN < 1500/µL (a mesma definição de um adulto)
    • ANC é usado para classificar a neutropenia Neutropenia Neutrophils are an important component of the immune system and play a significant role in the eradication of infections. Low numbers of circulating neutrophils, referred to as neutropenia, predispose the body to recurrent infections or sepsis, though patients can also be asymptomatic. Neutropenia:
      • Leve: ANC 1000–1500/µL
      • Moderado: ANC 500–1000/µL
      • Grave: ANC < 500/µL
  • Primeiros pedidos a fazer:
    • Hemograma com contagem diferencial:
      • Mostra uma baixa contagem de neutrófilos na circulação periférica
      • Ajuda no cálculo da ANC
    • Aspiração de medula óssea (BMA, pela sigla em inglês) e biópsia:
      • A medula hipercelular indica destruição periférica.
      • A medula hipocelular indica infiltração e falência da medula óssea.
  • Para preocupação clínica sobre infeção, pedir:
    • Culturas (sangue, urina, escarro e feridas)
    • Análise da urina
    • Biópsia de pele
    • Fezes com ovos/parasitas e culturas
  • Estudos de imagem benéficos:
    • Radiografia de ossos longos (nos casos de neutropenia Neutropenia Neutrophils are an important component of the immune system and play a significant role in the eradication of infections. Low numbers of circulating neutrophils, referred to as neutropenia, predispose the body to recurrent infections or sepsis, though patients can also be asymptomatic. Neutropenia congénita)
    • Radiografia de tórax e TC de tórax se o doente apresentar sinais de pneumonia Pneumonia Pneumonia or pulmonary inflammation is an acute or chronic inflammation of lung tissue. Causes include infection with bacteria, viruses, or fungi. In more rare cases, pneumonia can also be caused through toxic triggers through inhalation of toxic substances, immunological processes, or in the course of radiotherapy. Pneumonia
    • Ecografia abdominal para avaliar esplenomegalia
Cálculo de ANC com exemplo

Como calcular ANC com um exemplo

Imagem por Lecturio. Licença: CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

Tratamento

Abordagem geral do tratamento

  • Remover quaisquer fármacos prejudiciais.
  • Praticar uma boa higiene bucal.
  • Usar laxantes (conforme necessário).
  • Realizar os cuidados adequados com a pele.
  • Corrigir a deficiência de ácido fólico (se houver).
  • Modificações na dieta (incluindo ingestão de carnes adequadamente cozidas, água limpa e evitar alimentos ácidos)

Terapias específicas

  • Antibióticos (para tratar quaisquer infeções coexistentes)
  • Administração de fator estimulante de Colónia de granulócitos
    • Melhora a contagem de neutrófilos e a função imunológica
    • Riscos: Mielofibrose e LMA
  • Transfusão de granulócitos (para repor quaisquer deficiências de granulócitos)
  • Imunoglobulina IV (para abordar qualquer componente autoimune da neutropenia Neutropenia Neutrophils are an important component of the immune system and play a significant role in the eradication of infections. Low numbers of circulating neutrophils, referred to as neutropenia, predispose the body to recurrent infections or sepsis, though patients can also be asymptomatic. Neutropenia)
  • Corticosteroides (para levar à imunossupressão geral em casos de neutropenia Neutropenia Neutrophils are an important component of the immune system and play a significant role in the eradication of infections. Low numbers of circulating neutrophils, referred to as neutropenia, predispose the body to recurrent infections or sepsis, though patients can also be asymptomatic. Neutropenia autoimune)
Neutropenia congênita grave Fator estimulador de colônias de granulócitos

Efeitos do fator estimulador de colónias de granulócitos (G-CSF, pela sigla em inglês)
Th2: célula auxiliar T tipo 2
T REG : células T reguladoras

Imagem por Lecturio. Licença: CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

Diagnóstico Diferencial

  • Leucemias, particularmente LMA: produzem neutropenia Neutropenia Neutrophils are an important component of the immune system and play a significant role in the eradication of infections. Low numbers of circulating neutrophils, referred to as neutropenia, predispose the body to recurrent infections or sepsis, though patients can also be asymptomatic. Neutropenia através da supressão da medula óssea da linhagem de células hematopoiéticas normais devido à sobreprodução da linhagem de células malignas. No entanto, as leucemias geralmente apresentam-se com leucócitos marcadamente elevados, o que pode ser particularmente útil na diferenciação da neutropenia Neutropenia Neutrophils are an important component of the immune system and play a significant role in the eradication of infections. Low numbers of circulating neutrophils, referred to as neutropenia, predispose the body to recurrent infections or sepsis, though patients can also be asymptomatic. Neutropenia. Além disso, neutropenia Neutropenia Neutrophils are an important component of the immune system and play a significant role in the eradication of infections. Low numbers of circulating neutrophils, referred to as neutropenia, predispose the body to recurrent infections or sepsis, though patients can also be asymptomatic. Neutropenia e leucemia são frequentemente observadas em combinação devido aos efeitos colaterais de muitos agentes quimioterapêuticos.
  • Anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types aplástica: resultado da falha completa da medula óssea em produzir células hematopoiéticas. Doentes com anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types aplástica apresentam pancitopenia em vez de neutropenia Neutropenia Neutrophils are an important component of the immune system and play a significant role in the eradication of infections. Low numbers of circulating neutrophils, referred to as neutropenia, predispose the body to recurrent infections or sepsis, though patients can also be asymptomatic. Neutropenia isolada, uma ferramenta útil de diferenciação entre as duas entidades. A anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types aplástica é frequentemente um diagnóstico secundário, causado por síndromes autoimunes, radioterapia, quimioterapia ou síndromes pós-virais. O tratamento é complexo, mas pode incluir globulina antitimocitária, ciclosporina ou transplante de medula óssea, dependendo da gravidade, idade do doente e terapias prévias.
  • Linfoma: produz neutropenia Neutropenia Neutrophils are an important component of the immune system and play a significant role in the eradication of infections. Low numbers of circulating neutrophils, referred to as neutropenia, predispose the body to recurrent infections or sepsis, though patients can also be asymptomatic. Neutropenia por um mecanismo semelhante ao das leucemias. Se o espaço da medula óssea está a produzir células linfoides malignas em excesso, não há espaço suficiente na medula óssea para adequadamente criar as outras linhagens de células hematopoiéticas. Assim, será observada neutropenia Neutropenia Neutrophils are an important component of the immune system and play a significant role in the eradication of infections. Low numbers of circulating neutrophils, referred to as neutropenia, predispose the body to recurrent infections or sepsis, though patients can also be asymptomatic. Neutropenia com uma contagem de linfócitos significativamente elevada, o que ajuda a diferenciar a etiologia da neutropenia Neutropenia Neutrophils are an important component of the immune system and play a significant role in the eradication of infections. Low numbers of circulating neutrophils, referred to as neutropenia, predispose the body to recurrent infections or sepsis, though patients can also be asymptomatic. Neutropenia de outras causas. O linfoma é tratado com quimioterapia e geralmente inclui o R-CHOP – uma combinação de rituximab Rituximab A murine-derived monoclonal antibody and antineoplastic agent that binds specifically to the cd20 antigen and is used in the treatment of leukemia; lymphoma and rheumatoid arthritis. Immunosuppressants, ciclofosfamida, hidroxidaunorrubicina, oncovin (vincristina) e prednisona.

Referências

  1. Coates, T.D. (2025). Overview of neutropenia in children and adolescents. In Newburger, P., et al. (Ed.), UpToDate. Retrieved February 24, 2025, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-neutropenia-in-children-and-adolescents
  2. Berliner, N. (2025). Approach to the adult with unexplained neutropenia. In Newburger, P., et al. (Ed.), UpToDate. Retrieved February 24, 2025, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-the-adult-with-unexplained-neutropenia
  3. Fischer, A. (2018). Primary immune deficiency diseases. Chapter 344 of Jameson J., et al. (Ed.), Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 20th ed. McGraw-Hill.

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