Corteza Cerebral: Anatomía

Características Generales

Descripción general

La corteza cerebral es la capa más externa del encéfalo:

• La más superficial de las estructuras cerebrales, situada en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la profundidad de las meninges Meninges The brain and the spinal cord are enveloped by 3 overlapping layers of connective tissue called the meninges. The layers are, from the most external layer to the most internal layer, the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. Between these layers are 3 potential spaces called the epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces. Meninges: Anatomy.
• Se encuentra por encima del tentorio del cerebro, una estructura formada por reflejos durales pares situada justo por encima del cerebelo.
• Deriva embriológicamente del ectodermo.

El cerebro es la porción más grande del encéfalo. El cerebro se compone de materia gris (corteza cerebral) y las estructuras subyacentes de la materia blanca:

• Oganizado en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum 4 pares de lóbulos.
• Subdividido en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum surcos (hendiduras) y circunvoluciones (prominencias) que reciben nombres individuales y realizan funciones únicas.
• Parte más desarrollada del encéfalo humano:
  • Localizado en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el cráneo
  • Conectado a la médula espinal a través del tallo cerebral
• Embriología: ectodermo dorsal → tubo neural → prosencéfalo → telencéfalo

Lóbulos

• Lóbulo frontal Frontal The bone that forms the frontal aspect of the skull. Its flat part forms the forehead, articulating inferiorly with the nasal bone and the cheek bone on each side of the face. Skull: Anatomy
• Lóbulo parietal Parietal One of a pair of irregularly shaped quadrilateral bones situated between the frontal bone and occipital bone, which together form the sides of the cranium. Skull: Anatomy
• Lóbulo occipital Occipital Part of the back and base of the cranium that encloses the foramen magnum. Skull: Anatomy
• Lóbulo temporal

Surcos principales

• Fisura longitudinal medial: separa los LOS Neisseria hemisferios cerebrales izquierdo y derecho
• Surco lateral (o fisura de Silvio): separa los LOS Neisseria lóbulos parietal Parietal One of a pair of irregularly shaped quadrilateral bones situated between the frontal bone and occipital bone, which together form the sides of the cranium. Skull: Anatomy y temporal
• Surco central (de Rolando): separa los LOS Neisseria lóbulos parietal Parietal One of a pair of irregularly shaped quadrilateral bones situated between the frontal bone and occipital bone, which together form the sides of the cranium. Skull: Anatomy y frontal Frontal The bone that forms the frontal aspect of the skull. Its flat part forms the forehead, articulating inferiorly with the nasal bone and the cheek bone on each side of the face. Skull: Anatomy
• Surco colateral: separa la circunvolución fusiforme y la circunvolución del hipocampo
• Surco calcarino: separa horizontalmente los LOS Neisseria lóbulos occipitales en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las circunvoluciones cuneiformes (superior) y linguales (inferior)
• Surco parietooccipital: separa los LOS Neisseria lóbulos parietal Parietal One of a pair of irregularly shaped quadrilateral bones situated between the frontal bone and occipital bone, which together form the sides of the cranium. Skull: Anatomy y occipital Occipital Part of the back and base of the cranium that encloses the foramen magnum. Skull: Anatomy

Circunvoluciones principales

• Circunvolución precentral: en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el lóbulo frontal Frontal The bone that forms the frontal aspect of the skull. Its flat part forms the forehead, articulating inferiorly with the nasal bone and the cheek bone on each side of the face. Skull: Anatomy, controla el movimiento motor Motor Neurons which send impulses peripherally to activate muscles or secretory cells. Nervous System: Histology voluntario
• Circunvolución postcentral: en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el lóbulo parietal Parietal One of a pair of irregularly shaped quadrilateral bones situated between the frontal bone and occipital bone, which together form the sides of the cranium. Skull: Anatomy, sede de la corteza somatosensorial
• Circunvolución del cíngulo: localizada por encima del cuerpo calloso y forma parte del sistema límbico
• Circunvolución fusiforme: en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria lóbulos temporal y occipital Occipital Part of the back and base of the cranium that encloses the foramen magnum. Skull: Anatomy, se cree que desempeña un papel en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el reconocimiento facial y de las palabras
• Circunvolución temporal inferior: implicada en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el procesamiento auditivo
• Circunvolución del hipocampo (circunvolución parahipocampal) → pliegue en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la superficie interna del lóbulo temporal que limita con el hipocampo

Estructura Microscópica, Irrigación e Inervación

Estructura microscópica

• Materia gris externa
• Materia blanca interna que consta de 2 partes:
  • Neocorteza:
    • Más grande y evolutivamente más nueva
    • Procesa las funciones cerebrales de orden superior
    • Compuesta por 6 capas de neuronas
  • Alocorteza:
    • Más pequeña y evolutivamente más antigua
    • Compuesta por 4 capas de neuronas

Sistema vascular

• Irrigación arterial:
  • La irrigación arterial se realiza a través de las arterias carótidas internas y vertebrales pares, que se anastomosan y dan lugar al AL Amyloidosis polígono de Willis.
  • El polígono de Willis da lugar a 3 arterias cerebrales primarias:
    • Arteria cerebral anterior: irriga la superficie anteromedial
    • Arteria cerebral media: irriga la superficie lateral
    • Arteria cerebral posterior: irriga las superficies posterior e inferior
• Drenaje venoso:
  • Las venas cerebrales drenan en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum grandes canales venosos que atraviesan la duramadre.
  • Todos desembocan en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la confluencia de los LOS Neisseria senos, senos transversales, senos sigmoideos y, finalmente, en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las venas yugulares.

Lóbulo Frontal

El lóbulo frontal Frontal The bone that forms the frontal aspect of the skull. Its flat part forms the forehead, articulating inferiorly with the nasal bone and the cheek bone on each side of the face. Skull: Anatomy es la cara más anterior/superior del cerebro supratentorial. Controla muchas de las funciones de orden superior del cerebro, como la función motora, el pensamiento ejecutivo y el habla.

• Límites:
  • Anterior: hueso frontal Frontal The bone that forms the frontal aspect of the skull. Its flat part forms the forehead, articulating inferiorly with the nasal bone and the cheek bone on each side of the face. Skull: Anatomy
  • Superior: huesos frontal Frontal The bone that forms the frontal aspect of the skull. Its flat part forms the forehead, articulating inferiorly with the nasal bone and the cheek bone on each side of the face. Skull: Anatomy y parietal Parietal One of a pair of irregularly shaped quadrilateral bones situated between the frontal bone and occipital bone, which together form the sides of the cranium. Skull: Anatomy
  • Posterior: surco central
  • Inferior: fosa craneal anterior
• Localización del lóbulo frontal Frontal The bone that forms the frontal aspect of the skull. Its flat part forms the forehead, articulating inferiorly with the nasal bone and the cheek bone on each side of the face. Skull: Anatomy:
  • Delimitado posteriormente por el surco central
  • Delimitado medialmente por la fisura longitudinal
  • Delimitado inferolateralmente por la fisura lateral
• Homúnculo motor Motor Neurons which send impulses peripherally to activate muscles or secretory cells. Nervous System: Histology: mapa neurológico en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la corteza motora primaria que representa la proporción del cerebro dedicada al AL Amyloidosis procesamiento de la función sensorial
  • Extremidades inferiores representadas medialmente
  • El tronco, las extremidades superiores y la cara están situados lateralmente
  • El tamaño del rasgo en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el homúnculo se relaciona con el tamaño relativo de la región cerebral dedicada a esa función específica.
• Irrigación:
  • Lóbulo frontal Frontal The bone that forms the frontal aspect of the skull. Its flat part forms the forehead, articulating inferiorly with the nasal bone and the cheek bone on each side of the face. Skull: Anatomy lateral: arteria cerebral media
  • Lóbulo frontal Frontal The bone that forms the frontal aspect of the skull. Its flat part forms the forehead, articulating inferiorly with the nasal bone and the cheek bone on each side of the face. Skull: Anatomy medial/superior: arteria cerebral anterior

Lóbulo Parietal

El lóbulo parietal Parietal One of a pair of irregularly shaped quadrilateral bones situated between the frontal bone and occipital bone, which together form the sides of the cranium. Skull: Anatomy se encuentra posterior al AL Amyloidosis lóbulo frontal Frontal The bone that forms the frontal aspect of the skull. Its flat part forms the forehead, articulating inferiorly with the nasal bone and the cheek bone on each side of the face. Skull: Anatomy y superior al AL Amyloidosis lóbulo occipital Occipital Part of the back and base of the cranium that encloses the foramen magnum. Skull: Anatomy. Se asocia a los LOS Neisseria procesos de sensación y comprensión del lenguaje.

• Límites:
  • Anterior: surco central
  • Superior: hueso parietal Parietal One of a pair of irregularly shaped quadrilateral bones situated between the frontal bone and occipital bone, which together form the sides of the cranium. Skull: Anatomy
  • Posterior: surco parietooccipital
  • Inferior: fisura de Silvio.
• Localización del lóbulo parietal Parietal One of a pair of irregularly shaped quadrilateral bones situated between the frontal bone and occipital bone, which together form the sides of the cranium. Skull: Anatomy: posterior al AL Amyloidosis surco central en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las superficies superolateral y medial del hemisferio cerebral
• Homúnculo sensorial: mapa neurológico en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la corteza somatosensorial primaria que representa la proporción del cerebro dedicada al AL Amyloidosis procesamiento de la función sensorial
  • Las extremidades inferiores representadas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la parte medial
  • El tronco, las extremidades superiores y la cara se encuentran en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la parte más lateral
  • Tamaño del rasgo en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el homúnculo = tamaño de la región cerebral dedicada a esa función específica
• Irrigación:
  • Medial: arteria cerebral media y arteria cerebral anterior
  • Posterior: arteria cerebral posterior

Lóbulo Occipital

El lóbulo occipital Occipital Part of the back and base of the cranium that encloses the foramen magnum. Skull: Anatomy es el lóbulo más posterior del cerebro supratentorial. Participa principalmente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el procesamiento de la visión.

• Límites:
  • Anterior: lóbulo temporal
  • Superior: surco parietooccipital
  • Posterior: hueso occipital Occipital Part of the back and base of the cranium that encloses the foramen magnum. Skull: Anatomy
  • Inferior: tienda del cerebelo
• Localización del lóbulo occipital Occipital Part of the back and base of the cranium that encloses the foramen magnum. Skull: Anatomy: posterior a los LOS Neisseria lóbulos temporal y parietal Parietal One of a pair of irregularly shaped quadrilateral bones situated between the frontal bone and occipital bone, which together form the sides of the cranium. Skull: Anatomy
  • El surco parietooccipital separa su superficie medial de los LOS Neisseria lóbulos temporal y parietal Parietal One of a pair of irregularly shaped quadrilateral bones situated between the frontal bone and occipital bone, which together form the sides of the cranium. Skull: Anatomy.
  • La línea parietotemporal lateral separa su superficie lateral de los LOS Neisseria lóbulos temporal y parietal Parietal One of a pair of irregularly shaped quadrilateral bones situated between the frontal bone and occipital bone, which together form the sides of the cranium. Skull: Anatomy.
• Irrigación: ramas de la arteria cerebral posterior

Lóbulo Temporal

El lóbulo temporal es la cara más anterior/inferior del cerebro supratentorial. Participa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria procesos de audición, olfato y memoria.

• Límites:
  • Anterior: hueso esfenoides
  • Superior: fisura de Silvio
  • Posterior: lóbulo occipital Occipital Part of the back and base of the cranium that encloses the foramen magnum. Skull: Anatomy
  • Inferior: fosa craneal media
• Localización del lóbulo temporal: ocupa la fosa craneal media
  • Se extiende superiormente hacia la fisura de Silvio y posteriormente hacia la línea parietotemporal lateral
  • Inferior y lateral al AL Amyloidosis lóbulo parietal Parietal One of a pair of irregularly shaped quadrilateral bones situated between the frontal bone and occipital bone, which together form the sides of the cranium. Skull: Anatomy
  • Inferior y posterior al AL Amyloidosis lóbulo frontal Frontal The bone that forms the frontal aspect of the skull. Its flat part forms the forehead, articulating inferiorly with the nasal bone and the cheek bone on each side of the face. Skull: Anatomy
  • Anterior al AL Amyloidosis lóbulo occipital Occipital Part of the back and base of the cranium that encloses the foramen magnum. Skull: Anatomy
• Irrigación:
  • Ramas del sistema carotídeo interno
  • Ramas de la arteria vertebrobasilar

Relevancia Clínica

Las siguientes estructuras están estrechamente relacionadas con la corteza cerebral por su localización o función:

• Vías auditivas y vestibulares: vías neuronales que permiten la percepción del sonido. El sentido de la audición convierte las ondas acústicas—es decir, las fluctuaciones de presión en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum nuestro entorno— en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum señales eléctricas y, por consiguiente, percibe tonos, sonidos y ruidos.
• Vía visual: el sistema visual es parte del SNC. La vía visual abarca múltiples estructuras que, en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum conjunto, permiten la percepción visual del mundo que nos rodea. La vía visual comienza con los LOS Neisseria fotorreceptores de la retina Retina The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outermost layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. Eye: Anatomy, continúa por el nervio óptico y el cuerpo geniculado lateral, y termina en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la corteza visual y la corteza de asociación visual, que procesa e integra la información.
• Tallo cerebral: está formado por el mesencéfalo, puente y bulbo raquídeo. El tallo cerebral es una estructura en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum forma de tallo que conecta el cerebrum con la médula espinal y es una importante estación de transmisión de información sensorial, motora y autonómica.
• Cerebelo: localizado en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la fosa craneal posterior, dorsal al AL Amyloidosis puente y al AL Amyloidosis mesencéfalo. El cerebelo interviene principalmente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la coordinación de los LOS Neisseria movimientos, balance y postura. El cerebelo consta de 3 lóbulos a cada lado de sus 2 hemisferios y está conectado en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el centro por el vermis.
• Sistema cerebrovascular: compuesto por los LOS Neisseria vasos que irrigan el cerebro. El cerebro recibe aproximadamente 750 mL de sangre cada minuto, lo que supone el 15% del gasto cardíaco. La irrigación arterial del cerebro se divide en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum 2 categorías: la circulación anterior del sistema de la arteria carótida interna y la circulación cerebral posterior del sistema circulatorio vertebrobasilar.
• Diencéfalo: consta de 4 componentes, que son el tálamo, el epitálamo, el hipotálamo y el subtálamo. En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum general, el diencéfalo coordina las funciones vegetativas y sensomotoras inconscientes.
• Sistema límbico: consta de varios componentes: el hipocampo, la circunvolución parahipocampal con la corteza entorrinal, la circunvolución del cíngulo, la amígdala y los LOS Neisseria cuerpos mamilares. Estas estructuras tienen diversas funciones, como el procesamiento y la integración de las emociones, la memoria a largo plazo y el sentido del olfato.