Dengue (ENARM)

Dengue virus (DENV) is a small, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus of the genus Flavivirus. The infection can be transmitted to humans by the bite of female Aedes mosquitoes. The majority of infections are asymptomatic. Symptomatic individuals may progress through 3 stages of the disease, with severe manifestations occurring in those with previous infections. The febrile phase includes a high fever, headache and retro-orbital pain, severe myalgias and arthralgias (“breakbone” pain), and macular or maculopapular rash. The critical phase includes more-severe manifestations of capillary leakage, hemorrhage, and shock. A resolution of signs and symptoms occurs in the convalescent phase. The diagnosis is made based on the clinical history, examination, serology, antigen testing, or PCR. Management is supportive.

Chikungunya virus belongs to the Alphavirus genus and causes a viral infection characterized by fever and joint pain. The arthropod-borne (arbovirus) virus is transmitted by mosquitoes (commonly Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti). Symptoms usually appear within 1 week of infection. Additional manifestations of chikungunya virus may include muscle pain, headache, maculopapular rash, and lymphadenopathy. Most infected individuals recover, but chronic arthritis may develop. Treatment is aimed at relieving symptoms. The disease is prevented by mosquito avoidance, use of insect repellent, and protective clothing.