Complicaciones Quirúrgicas

Descripción General

Definición

Las complicaciones quirúrgicas son afecciones, trastornos o eventos adversos que pueden ocurrir después de los LOS Neisseria procedimientos quirúrgicos.

Clasificación

Las complicaciones quirúrgicas se clasifican con frecuencia según el momento en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum que ocurren en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum relación con el procedimiento:

• Inmediato: durante el procedimiento o dentro de las próximas 24 horas
• Postoperatorio mediato: hasta el día 7 postoperatorio
• Postoperatorio tardío: hasta el día 30 postoperatorio
• Largo plazo: después del día 30 postoperatorio

Complicaciones generales

Las complicaciones generales más comunes y/o significativas incluyen:

• Hemorragia
• Infección del sitio quirúrgico
• Lesión a los LOS Neisseria órganos circundantes
• Complicaciones de las heridas
• TVP/tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP)
• Complicaciones relacionadas con la anestesia:
  • Hipertermia maligna
  • Cefalea postpunción dural
• Complicaciones pulmonares y de las vías respiratorias:
  • Obstrucción de la vía aérea
  • Neumonía
  • Atelectasias
  • Lesiones relacionadas con la ventilación mecánica (e.g., neumotórax)
• Complicaciones cardiovasculares:
  • IM
  • Insuficiencia cardíaca
  • Arritmias
• Complicaciones renales:
  • Infección del tracto urinario relacionada con el catéter
  • Lesión renal aguda
• Complicaciones neurológicas:
  • Delirium Delirium Delirium is a medical condition characterized by acute disturbances in attention and awareness. Symptoms may fluctuate during the course of a day and involve memory deficits and disorientation. Delirium
  • Accidente cerebrovascular
  • Lesión de nervios

Síntomas postoperatorios preocupantes

Los LOS Neisseria síntomas que pueden indicar una complicación grave pueden presentarse en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el período postoperatorio y justificar una evaluación. Estos síntomas incluyen:

• Taquicardia
• Hipoxia, desaturaciones y/o dificultad para respirar
• Dolor Dolor Inflammation torácico
• Fiebre
• Dolor Dolor Inflammation
• Cambios en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el estado mental

Prevención

Para evitar errores sistémicos y, en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum última instancia, complicaciones quirúrgicas, casi todos los LOS Neisseria hospitales cuentan con mecanismos preventivos estándar, que incluyen:

• Listas de verificación de seguridad (e.g., lista de verificación de seguridad quirúrgica de la World Health Organization (WHO, por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés)), que incluyen elementos como:
  • Confirmación de:
    • Paciente correcto
    • Procedimiento correcto
    • Sitio/lateralidad quirúrgico correcto
    • Confirmar que el consentimiento informado esté completado.
    • Confirmar las alergias.
  • Verificar que el equipo funcione correctamente
  • Determinar si existe algún riesgo de intubación difícil y/o hemorragia
  • Discusión de cualquier paso no rutinario y/o crítico del procedimiento antes de hacer una incisión
  • Asegurarse de que los LOS Neisseria recuentos de instrumentos y equipos estén completos y correctos antes de que el paciente abandone el quirófano
• “Charlas” y/o “reuniones” preoperatorias: un momento en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el que todo el equipo se reúne para revisar los LOS Neisseria planes y abordar cualquier posible problema de seguridad antes del caso
• Políticas institucionales en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum cuanto a:
  • Uso de antibióticos
  • Uso de catéteres
  • Uso de drenajes
• Medidas de profilaxis frente a algunas de las complicaciones más frecuentes, en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum función de los LOS Neisseria factores de riesgo individuales:
  • Anticoagulación y deambulación temprana para prevenir TVP/TEP
  • Interrumpir la anticoagulación para prevenir hemorragias
  • Continuación del tratamiento con betabloqueantes en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum pacientes que ya los LOS Neisseria toman para prevenir eventos cardíacos perioperatorios
  • Antibióticos preoperatorios y preparaciones quirúrgicas para prevenir infecciones del sitio quirúrgico
  • Espirometría de incentivo para prevenir atelectasias
  • Descontinuación de catéteres, drenajes y vías lo antes posible para prevenir infecciones

Complicaciones de la Anestesia

Las complicaciones relacionadas con la administración de anestésicos se pueden definir como aquellas afecciones o eventos adversos que son causados directamente por los LOS Neisseria propios agentes anestésicos.

Complicaciones de la anestesia local

• Complicaciones locales:
  • Hematoma Hematoma A collection of blood outside the blood vessels. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue. Intussusception
  • Traumatismo nervioso
  • Infección
• Toxicidad sistémica:
  • Exceso de dosis
  • Inyección intravenosa accidental
• Reacciones alérgicas

Complicaciones de la anestesia espinal/epidural

• Cefalea post punción dural:
  • Puede ocurrir después de la punción de la duramadre, ya sea intencionalmente (para la anestesia espinal) o no intencionalmente (durante la colocación epidural)
  • Fugas de líquido cefalorraquídeo a través del orificio de punción → ↓ presiones de LCR → hipotensión intracraneal
  • Genera tracción sobre las estructuras intracraneales, provocando dolor Dolor Inflammation
  • Presentación: cefalea intensa que empeora en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum posición erguida
  • Tratamiento:
    • Conservador: hidratación, analgésicos, evitar posiciones erguidas, cafeína
    • Para casos persistentes: parche de sangre epidural (se inyecta sangre venosa autóloga en el espacio epidural; la coagulación crea un “parche” sobre el orificio)
• Hemorragia intratecal/epidural → los LOS Neisseria hematomas pueden ↑ las presiones, lo que resulta en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum una lesión
• Lesión de la médula espinal
• Infección
• Bloqueo autonómico (limita la capacidad del sistema nervioso autónomo para realizar vasoconstricción) → hipotensión grave

Complicaciones de la anestesia general

• Náuseas/vómitos (común)
• Reacciones alérgicas
• Hipertermia maligna:
  • Rara, pero potencialmente mortal
  • Reacción severa a gases anestésicos o relajantes musculares que resulta en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum sobrecarga de calcio en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum individuos genéticamente susceptibles, lo que conduce a:
    • Contracciones musculares sostenidas → rabdomiólisis
    • Hipermetabolismo celular → metabolismo anaeróbico → acidosis Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up. Respiratory Acidosis
  • Presentación:
    • Fiebre alta
    • Taquicardia
    • Espasmos musculares
    • ↑ Volumen corriente de CO₂ a pesar de ↑ en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la ventilación por minuto
  • Tratamiento:
    • Optimizar la oxigenación y la ventilación.
    • Suspender los LOS Neisseria agentes desencadenantes.
    • Administrar dantroleno.
    • Monitorizar los LOS Neisseria electrolitos (especialmente K⁺) y el estado ácido-base; considerar la administración de bicarbonato.
    • Enfriar a los LOS Neisseria pacientes con temperaturas > 39 °C.

Complicaciones Pulmonares y de las Vías Aéreas

Obstrucción de la vía aérea

Durante la cirugía, mientras un paciente está bajo anestesia o poco tiempo después, las vías aéreas pueden obstruirse de varias maneras. El tratamiento implica aliviar la obstrucción y/o restablecer la respiración. Las causas de la obstrucción incluyen:

• Obstrucción por la lengua
• Obstrucción por cuerpos extraños
• Espasmo laríngeo
• Edema Edema Edema is a condition in which excess serous fluid accumulates in the body cavity or interstitial space of connective tissues. Edema is a symptom observed in several medical conditions. It can be categorized into 2 types, namely, peripheral (in the extremities) and internal (in an organ or body cavity). Edema laríngeo
• Compresión traqueal
• Broncoespasmo
• Obstrucción bronquial por aspiración de materiales irritantes

Trombosis venosa profunda y tromboembolismo pulmonar

Presentación:

• TVP:
  • Frecuentemente asintomática
  • Dolor Dolor Inflammation y/o aumento de volumen en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la extremidad afectada
• TEP:
  • Hipoxia
  • Hiperventilación
  • Taquicardia

Factores de riesgo para TVP y TEP:

• Cirugía mayor o prolongada
• Inmovilidad
• Edad avanzada
• Obesidad
• Cirugía pélvica y de cadera
• Malignidad
• TVP o TEP anterior
• Venas varicosas (várices)
• Estrógenos:
  • Embarazo
  • Uso de una píldora anticonceptiva oral

Diagnóstico:

• Gasometría arterial: muestran hipoxemia e hipocarbia
• Angiografía por TC: muestra un trombo en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la vasculatura pulmonar
• Evaluación de la ventilación/perfusión (V/Q): la relación elevada indica una región con flujo sanguíneo obstruido que limita la perfusión

Prevención:

• Profilaxis farmacológica
• Dispositivos de compresión secuencial
• Deambulación temprana

Tratamiento:

• Anticoagulación sistémica
• TEP masivo acompañado de shock Shock Shock is a life-threatening condition associated with impaired circulation that results in tissue hypoxia. The different types of shock are based on the underlying cause: distributive (↑ cardiac output (CO), ↓ systemic vascular resistance (SVR)), cardiogenic (↓ CO, ↑ SVR), hypovolemic (↓ CO, ↑ SVR), obstructive (↓ CO), and mixed. Types of Shock:
  • Reanimación cardiopulmonar
  • Angiografía pulmonar con intervención (i.e., trombectomía, trombólisis local)

Infecciones pulmonares

• Incluyen:
  • Neumonía adquirida en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el hospital
  • Neumonía asociada al AL Amyloidosis ventilador
• 3ra complicación quirúrgica más común
• Asociadas con un aumento significativo de la morbilidad y la mortalidad
• Agentes causales:
  • Patógenos comunes no resistentes a múltiples medicamentos:
    • Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus is one of the two medically important genera of gram-positive cocci, the other being Staphylococcus. Streptococci are identified as different species on blood agar on the basis of their hemolytic pattern and sensitivity to optochin and bacitracin. There are many pathogenic species of streptococci, including S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, S. pneumoniae, and the viridans streptococci. Streptococcus pneumoniae
    • Haemophilus influenzae Haemophilus Influenzae A species of Haemophilus found on the mucous membranes of humans and a variety of animals. The species is further divided into biotypes I through viii. Haemophilus
    • Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureus Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications. Brain Abscess sensible a la meticilina (MSSA, por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés)
    • Enterobacteriaceae Enterobacteriaceae A family of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that do not form endospores. Its organisms are distributed worldwide with some being saprophytes and others being plant and animal parasites. Many species are of considerable economic importance due to their pathogenic effects on agriculture and livestock. Cephalosporins sensibles a los LOS Neisseria antibióticos
  • Patógenos comunes resistentes a múltiples medicamentos:
    • Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pseudomonas aeruginosa A species of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria commonly isolated from clinical specimens (wound, burn, and urinary tract infections). It is also found widely distributed in soil and water. P. Aeruginosa is a major agent of nosocomial infection. Pseudomonas
    • Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureus Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications. Brain Abscess resistente a la meticilina ( MRSA MRSA A strain of Staphylococcus aureus that is non-susceptible to the action of methicillin. The mechanism of resistance usually involves modification of normal or the presence of acquired penicillin binding proteins. Staphylococcus, por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés)
    • Enterobacteriaceae Enterobacteriaceae A family of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that do not form endospores. Its organisms are distributed worldwide with some being saprophytes and others being plant and animal parasites. Many species are of considerable economic importance due to their pathogenic effects on agriculture and livestock. Cephalosporins resistentes a antibióticos, Legionella pneumophila Legionella pneumophila A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that is the causative agent of legionnaires’ disease. It has been isolated from numerous environmental sites as well as from human lung tissue, respiratory secretions, and blood. Legionella/Legionellosis, Aspergillus Aspergillus A genus of mitosporic fungi containing about 100 species and eleven different teleomorphs in the family trichocomaceae. Echinocandins spp., etc ETC The electron transport chain (ETC) sends electrons through a series of proteins, which generate an electrochemical proton gradient that produces energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Electron Transport Chain (ETC).
  • Puede ser polimicrobiana, especialmente después de la aspiración
• Patogénesis:
  • Colonización orofaríngea con organismo patógeno
  • Aspiración del patógeno
  • Compromiso del mecanismo de defensa normal del huésped
• Factores de riesgo:
  • Uso de una sonda nasogástrica
  • Transfusiones de sangre
  • Diabetes Diabetes Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia and dysfunction of the regulation of glucose metabolism by insulin. Type 1 DM is diagnosed mostly in children and young adults as the result of autoimmune destruction of β cells in the pancreas and the resulting lack of insulin. Type 2 DM has a significant association with obesity and is characterized by insulin resistance. Diabetes Mellitus
• Presentación clínica:
  • Fiebre
  • Taquipnea
  • Uso de los LOS Neisseria músculos accesorios
  • Tos TOS Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a broad term used for a spectrum of syndromes related to the general region of the thoracic outlet, which involves the compression or irritation of elements of the brachial plexus, subclavian artery, or subclavian vein. Thoracic Outlet Syndrome con aumento de esputo con tinte verdoso
  • Disnea
  • Aumento del frémito táctil y matidez a la percusión: consolidación
  • Disminución del frémito táctil y aplanamiento a la percusión: derrame pleural
  • Auscultación:
    • Crepitantes
    • Sonidos bronquiales en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la periferia
    • Fricción pleural
• Diagnóstico:
  • Radiografía de tórax: generalmente muestra opacidades en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum parches/consolidación
  • Cultivo de aspirado traqueobronquial
• Tratamiento:
  • Regímenes de antibióticos empíricos y específicos
  • Se administra oxígeno para la hipoxia.
  • La intubación endotraqueal y la ventilación mecánica están indicadas si la función respiratoria continúa deteriorándose.

Síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda

• Una reacción inflamatoria potencialmente mortal del pulmón
  • Provocado por una injuria severa:
    • Inflamatoria (e.g., sepsis Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by hypotension despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called septic shock. Sepsis and Septic Shock)
    • Traumática (cirugía mayor)
  • Liberación intensa de citoquinas → daño al AL Amyloidosis endotelio pulmonar → infiltrados pulmonares (que ocurren sin una etiología cardiogénica)
• Presentación clínica:
  • Taquipnea
  • Aumento del esfuerzo respiratorio
  • Crepitantes
  • Cianosis (cuando es grave)
  • Inquietud
  • Confusión
• Diagnóstico:
  • Gasometría arterial:
    • Hipoxemia
    • Alcalosis respiratoria
  • Radiografía de tórax: opacidades bilaterales difusas
  • Péptido natriurético tipo B ( BNP BNP A peptide that is secreted by the brain and the heart atria, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular myocardium. It can cause natriuresis; diuresis; vasodilation; and inhibits secretion of renin and aldosterone. It improves heart function. It contains 32 amino acids. Renal Sodium and Water Regulation, por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés): bajo
  • Para descartar etiología cardíaca:
    • Ultrasonido cardíaco
    • ECG ECG An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a graphic representation of the electrical activity of the heart plotted against time. Adhesive electrodes are affixed to the skin surface allowing measurement of cardiac impulses from many angles. The ECG provides 3-dimensional information about the conduction system of the heart, the myocardium, and other cardiac structures. Electrocardiogram (ECG)
    • Troponinas
• Tratamiento:
  • Ventilación mecánica
  • Tratamiento cuidadoso con líquidos
  • Tratamiento de la afección subyacente

Neumotórax

• Acumulación de aire en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el espacio pleural
• En un paciente postoperatorio, el neumotórax generalmente ocurre después de una lesión por “punción”:
  • Colocación de línea venosa central
  • En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum pacientes con ventilación mecánica (la presión hace HACE Altitude Sickness que se rompan los LOS Neisseria alvéolos)
• Presentación:
  • Dolor Dolor Inflammation/opresión torácica, agudo y repentino
  • Disnea
  • Hiperresonancia en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la percusión
  • Sonidos respiratorios reducidos o ausentes
  • Desviación traqueal
• Diagnóstico:
  • Examen físico
  • Imagenología
    • Métodos: radiografía de tórax, ultrasonido o TC
    • Hallazgos: pérdida de marcas pulmonares, línea pleural
• Tratamiento: colocación de un drenaje pleural con un drenaje con sello de agua

Complicaciones Cardíacas

Las personas con afecciones cardiovasculares tienen un mayor riesgo de complicaciones postoperatorias. Por esta razón, las afecciones vasculares subyacentes, como la hipertensión, deben corregirse tanto como sea posible antes del procedimiento.

IM

• La complicación cardíaca más común
• Presentación clínica:
  • Signos vitales anormales: hipotensión, taquicardia
  • Dolor Dolor Inflammation torácico
  • Disnea
  • Diaforesis
  • Síntomas que disminuyen (a menudo menos graves, atípicos o incluso ausentes) debido a la influencia de:
    • Anestésicos
    • Analgésicos
    • Agentes amnésicos
  • El dolor Dolor Inflammation quirúrgico puede enmascarar el dolor Dolor Inflammation torácico debido a la isquemia miocárdica
• Diagnóstico:
  • ECG ECG An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a graphic representation of the electrical activity of the heart plotted against time. Adhesive electrodes are affixed to the skin surface allowing measurement of cardiac impulses from many angles. The ECG provides 3-dimensional information about the conduction system of the heart, the myocardium, and other cardiac structures. Electrocardiogram (ECG): anomalías características según la ubicación/tipo de IM
  • Niveles de troponina: elevados
  • Ultrasonido cardíaco: ayuda a predecir la supervivencia y buscar complicaciones del IM:
    • Anomalías del movimiento de la pared
    • Nuevo defecto septal ventricular
    • Rotura de la pared libre del ventrículo izquierdo
  • Angiografía coronaria: prueba estándar de oro
• Tratamiento:
  • Varía según la estabilidad hemodinámica
  • Terapia MONA:
    • Morfina
    • Oxígeno
    • Nitroglicerina
    • Aspirina
  • Estatinas para reducir la mortalidad hospitalaria

Insuficiencia cardíaca

• Ocurre con mayor frecuencia en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el período postoperatorio inmediato en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum personas con enfermedad cardíaca preexistente (e.g., IM previo, enfermedad de las válvulas) y/o diabetes Diabetes Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia and dysfunction of the regulation of glucose metabolism by insulin. Type 1 DM is diagnosed mostly in children and young adults as the result of autoimmune destruction of β cells in the pancreas and the resulting lack of insulin. Type 2 DM has a significant association with obesity and is characterized by insulin resistance. Diabetes Mellitus
• Precipitada por:
  • Administración excesiva de líquidos
  • Posicionamiento desfavorable prolongado durante la cirugía (e.g., decúbito supino)
  • Isquemia miocárdica intraoperatoria
• Presentación:
  • Disnea progresiva
  • Edema Edema Edema is a condition in which excess serous fluid accumulates in the body cavity or interstitial space of connective tissues. Edema is a symptom observed in several medical conditions. It can be categorized into 2 types, namely, peripheral (in the extremities) and internal (in an organ or body cavity). Edema pulmonar
  • Hipoxemia
  • Alteraciones de la presión arterial:
    • Hipertensión por hipervolemia
    • Hipotensión por shock Shock Shock is a life-threatening condition associated with impaired circulation that results in tissue hypoxia. The different types of shock are based on the underlying cause: distributive (↑ cardiac output (CO), ↓ systemic vascular resistance (SVR)), cardiogenic (↓ CO, ↑ SVR), hypovolemic (↓ CO, ↑ SVR), obstructive (↓ CO), and mixed. Types of Shock cardiogénico
• Diagnóstico:
  • ECG ECG An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a graphic representation of the electrical activity of the heart plotted against time. Adhesive electrodes are affixed to the skin surface allowing measurement of cardiac impulses from many angles. The ECG provides 3-dimensional information about the conduction system of the heart, the myocardium, and other cardiac structures. Electrocardiogram (ECG) para buscar isquemia miocárdica
  • Troponinas seriadas
  • Ultrasonido cardíaco para evaluar la función
  • Radiografía de tórax: congestión difusa
• Tratamiento:
  • O₂ suplementario
  • Hipertensión/hipervolemia:
    • Disminuir la administración de líquidos y dar diuréticos intravenosos.
    • Administrar vasodilatadores (e.g., nitroglicerina) para reducir la postcarga.
  • Hipotensión/ shock Shock Shock is a life-threatening condition associated with impaired circulation that results in tissue hypoxia. The different types of shock are based on the underlying cause: distributive (↑ cardiac output (CO), ↓ systemic vascular resistance (SVR)), cardiogenic (↓ CO, ↑ SVR), hypovolemic (↓ CO, ↑ SVR), obstructive (↓ CO), and mixed. Types of Shock cardiogénico:
    • Infusión de inotrópicos: e.g., milrinona, dobutamina
    • Vasopresores: norepinefrina, vasopresina

Arritmias

La mayoría de las arritmias observadas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la unidad de cuidados postanestésicos son transitorias; sin embargo, algunas pueden persistir, ser sintomáticas o sugerir una patología subyacente más significativa.

• Todos los LOS Neisseria tipos de arritmias se pueden ver en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el postoperatorio, las más comunes son:
  • Fibrilación auricular (más común)
  • Taquicardia sinusal
  • Contracciones ventriculares prematuras
  • Fibrilación ventricular
  • Taquicardia ventricular polimórfica ( torsades de pointes Torsades de pointes A malignant form of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia that is characterized by heart rate between 200 and 250 beats per minute, and QRS complexes with changing amplitude and twisting of the points. The term also describes the syndrome of tachycardia with prolonged ventricular repolarization, long qt intervals exceeding 500 milliseconds or bradycardia. Torsades de pointes may be self-limited or may progress to ventricular fibrillation. Ventricular Tachycardia): puede ser precipitada por medicamentos que prolongan el intervalo QT (e.g., ondansetrón)
  • Bradicardias:
    • Disfunción del nodo sinusal
    • Defectos de conducción
• Causas:
  • IM
  • TEP
  • Hipovolemia/hemorragia
  • Alteraciones electrolíticas:
    • Hiperpotasemia
    • Hipopotasemia
  • Acidosis Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up. Respiratory Acidosis
  • Hipoxia
  • Infección/ sepsis Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by hypotension despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called septic shock. Sepsis and Septic Shock
  • Ansiedad
  • Abstinencia
• Diagnóstico:
  • ECG ECG An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a graphic representation of the electrical activity of the heart plotted against time. Adhesive electrodes are affixed to the skin surface allowing measurement of cardiac impulses from many angles. The ECG provides 3-dimensional information about the conduction system of the heart, the myocardium, and other cardiac structures. Electrocardiogram (ECG)
  • Evaluación adecuada basada en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el cuadro clínico, que probablemente incluya análisis de sangre adicionales:
    • Troponinas
    • Electrolitos
    • Hemograma
    • Gasometría arterial
    • Potencialmente, imagenología
• Tratamiento:
  • Según la arritmia específica y la causa
  • Observación estrecha por inestabilidad hemodinámica

Complicaciones Urinarias

Retención urinaria

• Incapacidad de miccionar dentro de las 4–6 horas posteriores a la extracción del catéter
• Factores de riesgo:
  • Edad avanzada
  • Sexo masculino
  • Enfermedad neurológica
  • Cirugía pélvica previa
  • Intervenciones en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum:
    • Pelvis Pelvis The pelvis consists of the bony pelvic girdle, the muscular and ligamentous pelvic floor, and the pelvic cavity, which contains viscera, vessels, and multiple nerves and muscles. The pelvic girdle, composed of 2 “hip” bones and the sacrum, is a ring-like bony structure of the axial skeleton that links the vertebral column with the lower extremities. Pelvis: Anatomy
    • Ingle
    • Periné
  • Medicamentos:
    • Opioides
    • Anticolinérgicos
    • β-bloqueadores
  • Anestesia neuroaxial
• Los LOS Neisseria pacientes postoperatorios pueden tener dificultad para miccionar inicialmente, especialmente aquellos que se han sometido a procedimientos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la pelvis Pelvis The pelvis consists of the bony pelvic girdle, the muscular and ligamentous pelvic floor, and the pelvic cavity, which contains viscera, vessels, and multiple nerves and muscles. The pelvic girdle, composed of 2 “hip” bones and the sacrum, is a ring-like bony structure of the axial skeleton that links the vertebral column with the lower extremities. Pelvis: Anatomy, la ingle o el periné.
• Presentación:
  • Incapacidad para miccionar
  • Episodios de incontinencia (que representan incontinencia por rebosamiento)
  • Dolor Dolor Inflammation suprapúbico y/o distensión vesical (puede o no estar presente)
• Diagnóstico: ultrasonido vesical que muestra una vejiga distendida (e.g., volumen estimado > 600 ml)
• Tratamiento: cateterismo vesical

Infección del tracto urinario (ITU)

• Factores de riesgo:
  • Contaminación preexistente del tracto urinario
  • Retención urinaria
  • Procedimientos urológicos o ginecológicos
  • Instrumentación y/o uso de un catéter urinario (el riesgo aumenta con la duración del uso)
• Presentación:
  • Cistitis:
    • Aumento de la frecuencia urinaria
    • Disuria
    • Fiebre leve
  • Pielonefritis:
    • Fiebre
    • Sensibilidad en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el flanco
• Diagnóstico:
  • Análisis de orina y urocultivo
  • Pielonefritis: clínica
• Tratamiento:
  • Antibióticos, empíricos o específicos
  • Hidratación adecuada

Lesión renal aguda

• Lesión renal aguda: pérdida repentina, a menudo reversible, de la función renal
• La perfusión inadecuada de los LOS Neisseria riñones durante la cirugía puede provocar insuficiencia renal aguda.
• Las personas con afecciones renales preexistentes tienen un mayor riesgo.
• Presentación:
  • Oliguria Oliguria Decreased urine output that is below the normal range. Oliguria can be defined as urine output of less than or equal to 0. 5 or 1 ml/kg/hr depending on the age. Renal Potassium Regulation
  • Azotemia Azotemia A biochemical abnormality referring to an elevation of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine. Azotemia can be produced by kidney diseases or other extrarenal disorders. When azotemia becomes associated with a constellation of clinical signs, it is termed uremia. Acute Kidney Injury
  • Anomalías electrolíticas
  • Uremia Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of renal insufficiency. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen catabolism, such as urea or creatinine. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms. Acute Kidney Injury:
    • Náuseas/vómitos
    • Confusión, convulsiones
    • Hemorragia/disfunción plaquetaria
    • Pericarditis Pericarditis Pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium, often with fluid accumulation. It can be caused by infection (often viral), myocardial infarction, drugs, malignancies, metabolic disorders, autoimmune disorders, or trauma. Acute, subacute, and chronic forms exist. Pericarditis
  • Anomalías de líquidos:
    • Hipervolemia
    • Hipovolemia
• Diagnóstico:
  • Disminución de la diuresis: < 0,5 ml/kg/h
  • ↑ Creatinina sérica y nitrógeno ureico en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum sangre (BUN, por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés)
• Tratamiento:
  • Corregir estado de líquidos.
  • Corregir electrolitos.
  • Corregir anomalías ácido-base.
  • Evitar agentes nefrotóxicos.
  • Realizar diálisis, si es grave.

Complicaciones del SNC

Las complicaciones del SNC son complicaciones quirúrgicas relativamente comunes, especialmente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria ancianos. Los LOS Neisseria accidentes cerebrovasculares y el delirium Delirium Delirium is a medical condition characterized by acute disturbances in attention and awareness. Symptoms may fluctuate during the course of a day and involve memory deficits and disorientation. Delirium son 2 de las complicaciones más importantes.

Accidente cerebrovascular isquémico

• Causas:
  • Hipotensión sistémica repentina (por efectos anestésicos, hemorragia aguda, etc ETC The electron transport chain (ETC) sends electrons through a series of proteins, which generate an electrochemical proton gradient that produces energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Electron Transport Chain (ETC).) que afecta regiones del cerebro
  • Ateroembolismo
  • Cardioembólico (e.g., por fibrilación auricular)
  • Trombosis (la cirugía contribuye a un estado de hipercoagulabilidad)
• Presentación: depende de la localización de los LOS Neisseria accidentes cerebrovasculares
  • Signos de lateralización (e.g., hemiparesia, posturas)
  • Discapacidad sensorial
  • Ataxia Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. Ataxia-telangiectasia
• Diagnóstico:
  • Predominantemente clínico
  • TC craneal
• Tratamiento:
  • Evaluar y tratar el “ABC” ( en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés):
    • A – Airway Airway ABCDE Assessment (vía aérea)
    • B – Breathing (respiración)
    • C– Circulation Circulation The movement of the blood as it is pumped through the cardiovascular system. ABCDE Assessment (circulación)
  • La cirugía mayor es una contraindicación relativa para la trombólisis intravenosa con activador tisular del plasminógeno
  • Terapia antitrombótica con aspirina
  • Terapia con estatinas
  • Rehabilitación y cambios de comportamiento/estilo de vida para reducir los LOS Neisseria riesgos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el futuro

Delirium Delirium Delirium is a medical condition characterized by acute disturbances in attention and awareness. Symptoms may fluctuate during the course of a day and involve memory deficits and disorientation. Delirium

• Trastorno neuropsiquiátrico postoperatorio más frecuente
• Caracterizado por confusión mental con agitación, inquietud y desorientación
• Los LOS Neisseria ancianos con demencia subyacente corren mayor riesgo.
• Generalmente multifactorial; algunas causas incluyen:
  • Lesión o enfermedad del SNC
  • Enfermedades sistémicas
  • Hipoxia
  • Fiebre
  • Medicamentos:
    • Sedantes e hipnóticos
    • Anticolinérgicos
    • Esteroides
    • Antihipertensivos
    • Insulina
  • Hipoglucemia
  • Desequilibrios electrolíticos
  • Privación del sueño (común en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el hospital)
  • Encefalopatía hepática
  • Abstinencia de alcohol y/o drogas
• Tratamiento:
  • Tratamiento de la causa subyacente
  • Antipsicóticos para pacientes con agitación:
    • Quetiapina
    • Haloperidol Haloperidol A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat schizophrenia and other psychoses. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorders, ballism, and tourette syndrome (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in intellectual disability and the chorea of huntington disease. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable hiccups. First-Generation Antipsychotics
  • Evitar las benzodiazepinas
  • Medidas antidelirium en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las salas:
    • Reorientar frecuentemente al AL Amyloidosis paciente.
    • Evitar despertares frecuentes durante la noche.
    • Luces tenues por la noche; encender las luces durante el día.

Complicaciones de las Heridas

En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum términos generales, la mayoría de las heridas quirúrgicas cicatrizan por completo, independientemente de la edad. Sin embargo, la reparación del tejido puede verse obstaculizada por varios factores, siendo el más importante de todos la mala técnica quirúrgica.

Infecciones del sitio quirúrgico

• Las infecciones postoperatorias asociadas a los LOS Neisseria cuidados médicos más comunes
• Pueden ser superficiales (piel y tejidos blandos) o profundas (e.g., absceso interno)
• Tienden a desarrollarse alrededor de los LOS Neisseria días 5–7 del postoperatorio
• A menudo precedidas por un hematoma Hematoma A collection of blood outside the blood vessels. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue. Intussusception subcutáneo
• Incidencia:
  • 2%–5% en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum general
  • < 1% en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum sitios limpios, pero hasta 20%–30% en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum sitios sucios-infectados
• Factores de riesgo:
  • Clasificación de las heridas quirúrgicas:
    • Limpias
    • Limpias-contaminadas
    • Contaminadas
    • Sucias-infectadas
  • Mala técnica quirúrgica
  • Defensas del huésped debilitadas
  • Cirugías abdominales, especialmente cirugía de colon Colon The large intestines constitute the last portion of the digestive system. The large intestine consists of the cecum, appendix, colon (with ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments), rectum, and anal canal. The primary function of the colon is to remove water and compact the stool prior to expulsion from the body via the rectum and anal canal. Colon, Cecum, and Appendix: Anatomy
• Profilaxis:
  • Antibióticos preoperatorios
  • Preparación adecuada de la piel (e.g., lavado con povidona yodada)
  • Mantener condiciones estériles
  • Uso adecuado de drenajes
  • Apósitos antimicrobianos y de cierre asistido por vacío
• Presentación clínica:
  • Eritema
  • Dolor Dolor Inflammation
  • Edema Edema Edema is a condition in which excess serous fluid accumulates in the body cavity or interstitial space of connective tissues. Edema is a symptom observed in several medical conditions. It can be categorized into 2 types, namely, peripheral (in the extremities) and internal (in an organ or body cavity). Edema
  • Drenaje purulento
  • Dehiscencia de la herida
  • Dolor Dolor Inflammation mal controlado
• Tratamiento:
  • Enviar una muestra líquida para cultivo.
  • Abrir la herida (e.g., quitar las suturas) → irrigar y desbridar el tejido infectado
  • Las heridas abiertas a menudo se dejan abiertas y taponadas → curan por segunda intención o con un cierre primario tardío
  • Antibióticos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum:
    • Infecciones de tejidos blandos (e.g., celulitis)
    • Casos con materiales implantados
    • Sepsis Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by hypotension despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called septic shock. Sepsis and Septic Shock

Dehiscencia de la herida

• Se refiere a la rotura/apertura de una herida quirúrgica (puede ser parcial o completa)
• Factores de riesgo:
  • Mala técnica quirúrgica
  • Aumento persistente de la presión intraabdominal:
    • Obesidad
    • Tos TOS Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a broad term used for a spectrum of syndromes related to the general region of the thoracic outlet, which involves the compression or irritation of elements of the brachial plexus, subclavian artery, or subclavian vein. Thoracic Outlet Syndrome crónica
    • Estreñimiento
  • Mala irrigación del área:
    • Tabaquismo
    • Diabetes Diabetes Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia and dysfunction of the regulation of glucose metabolism by insulin. Type 1 DM is diagnosed mostly in children and young adults as the result of autoimmune destruction of β cells in the pancreas and the resulting lack of insulin. Type 2 DM has a significant association with obesity and is characterized by insulin resistance. Diabetes Mellitus mellitus
    • Necrosis Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply. Ischemic Cell Damage tisular local (e.g., infección, puntos excesivamente apretados)
    • Antecedentes de radioterapia en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la zona
  • Deficiencia nutricional:
    • Proteínas
    • Vitamina C
  • Insuficiencia renal
  • Malignidad
  • Terapia con esteroides
• Complicaciones:
  • Debilitación
  • Hernias incisionales
• Tratamiento:
  • Tratar cualquier infección (e.g., con irrigación y desbridamiento).
  • Volver a cerrar la incisión si no hay una infección significativa.

Shock

Tipos de shock Shock Shock is a life-threatening condition associated with impaired circulation that results in tissue hypoxia. The different types of shock are based on the underlying cause: distributive (↑ cardiac output (CO), ↓ systemic vascular resistance (SVR)), cardiogenic (↓ CO, ↑ SVR), hypovolemic (↓ CO, ↑ SVR), obstructive (↓ CO), and mixed. Types of Shock

El shock Shock Shock is a life-threatening condition associated with impaired circulation that results in tissue hypoxia. The different types of shock are based on the underlying cause: distributive (↑ cardiac output (CO), ↓ systemic vascular resistance (SVR)), cardiogenic (↓ CO, ↑ SVR), hypovolemic (↓ CO, ↑ SVR), obstructive (↓ CO), and mixed. Types of Shock es la imposibilidad de mantener una perfusión tisular adecuada. Varios tipos diferentes de shock Shock Shock is a life-threatening condition associated with impaired circulation that results in tissue hypoxia. The different types of shock are based on the underlying cause: distributive (↑ cardiac output (CO), ↓ systemic vascular resistance (SVR)), cardiogenic (↓ CO, ↑ SVR), hypovolemic (↓ CO, ↑ SVR), obstructive (↓ CO), and mixed. Types of Shock pueden afectar a los LOS Neisseria pacientes postoperatorios:

• Shock Shock Shock is a life-threatening condition associated with impaired circulation that results in tissue hypoxia. The different types of shock are based on the underlying cause: distributive (↑ cardiac output (CO), ↓ systemic vascular resistance (SVR)), cardiogenic (↓ CO, ↑ SVR), hypovolemic (↓ CO, ↑ SVR), obstructive (↓ CO), and mixed. Types of Shock hipovolémico (debido a volúmenes de líquido inadecuados para mantener la perfusión):
  • Hemorragia
  • Reposición inadecuada de líquidos
• Shock Shock Shock is a life-threatening condition associated with impaired circulation that results in tissue hypoxia. The different types of shock are based on the underlying cause: distributive (↑ cardiac output (CO), ↓ systemic vascular resistance (SVR)), cardiogenic (↓ CO, ↑ SVR), hypovolemic (↓ CO, ↑ SVR), obstructive (↓ CO), and mixed. Types of Shock cardiogénico (debido a la incapacidad del corazón para mantener una presión arterial adecuada):
  • Isquemia/infarto agudo de miocardio
  • Arritmias
• Shock Shock Shock is a life-threatening condition associated with impaired circulation that results in tissue hypoxia. The different types of shock are based on the underlying cause: distributive (↑ cardiac output (CO), ↓ systemic vascular resistance (SVR)), cardiogenic (↓ CO, ↑ SVR), hypovolemic (↓ CO, ↑ SVR), obstructive (↓ CO), and mixed. Types of Shock obstructivo (causas extracardíacas de falla de la bomba cardíaca, generalmente asociadas con TEP):
• Shock Shock Shock is a life-threatening condition associated with impaired circulation that results in tissue hypoxia. The different types of shock are based on the underlying cause: distributive (↑ cardiac output (CO), ↓ systemic vascular resistance (SVR)), cardiogenic (↓ CO, ↑ SVR), hypovolemic (↓ CO, ↑ SVR), obstructive (↓ CO), and mixed. Types of Shock distributivo:
  • Shock Shock Shock is a life-threatening condition associated with impaired circulation that results in tissue hypoxia. The different types of shock are based on the underlying cause: distributive (↑ cardiac output (CO), ↓ systemic vascular resistance (SVR)), cardiogenic (↓ CO, ↑ SVR), hypovolemic (↓ CO, ↑ SVR), obstructive (↓ CO), and mixed. Types of Shock séptico: hipovolemia relativa debido al AL Amyloidosis movimiento patológico de líquido fuera del compartimento intravascular
  • Shock Shock Shock is a life-threatening condition associated with impaired circulation that results in tissue hypoxia. The different types of shock are based on the underlying cause: distributive (↑ cardiac output (CO), ↓ systemic vascular resistance (SVR)), cardiogenic (↓ CO, ↑ SVR), hypovolemic (↓ CO, ↑ SVR), obstructive (↓ CO), and mixed. Types of Shock neurogénico: debido a una lesión neurológica

Presentación clínica

• Hipotensión
• Taquicardia
• Palidez
• Shock Shock Shock is a life-threatening condition associated with impaired circulation that results in tissue hypoxia. The different types of shock are based on the underlying cause: distributive (↑ cardiac output (CO), ↓ systemic vascular resistance (SVR)), cardiogenic (↓ CO, ↑ SVR), hypovolemic (↓ CO, ↑ SVR), obstructive (↓ CO), and mixed. Types of Shock cardiogénico y obstructivo por TEP: disnea, dolor Dolor Inflammation torácico, diaforesis
• Shock Shock Shock is a life-threatening condition associated with impaired circulation that results in tissue hypoxia. The different types of shock are based on the underlying cause: distributive (↑ cardiac output (CO), ↓ systemic vascular resistance (SVR)), cardiogenic (↓ CO, ↑ SVR), hypovolemic (↓ CO, ↑ SVR), obstructive (↓ CO), and mixed. Types of Shock séptico:
  • Fiebre
  • Escalofríos
  • Vasodilatación periférica

Tratamiento

• Se basa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el reconocimiento temprano y la terapia dirigida por objetivos
• Resucitación con líquidos
• Mantener la presión arterial (e.g., con vasopresores).
• Estar atento a las indicaciones para la intubación.
• Tratamiento de la causa subyacente, por ejemplo:
  • Transfusión de sangre en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la hemorragia aguda
  • Antibióticos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la sepsis Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by hypotension despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called septic shock. Sepsis and Septic Shock

Relevancia Clínica

Durante y después de la cirugía, el equipo quirúrgico debe estar atento a los LOS Neisseria signos y síntomas que puedan sugerir complicaciones. Algunos de los LOS Neisseria signos/síntomas más importantes que justifican una mayor investigación incluyen taquicardia, hipoxia, fiebre, dolor Dolor Inflammation y cambios en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el estado mental.

Taquicardia

• Presentación:
  • Ritmo cardíaco persistentemente elevado
• Causas:
  • IM
  • TEP
  • Pérdida de sangre/hipovolemia:
    • Anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types por pérdida de sangre durante la cirugía
    • Hemorragia interna/continua después de la operación
    • Shock Shock Shock is a life-threatening condition associated with impaired circulation that results in tissue hypoxia. The different types of shock are based on the underlying cause: distributive (↑ cardiac output (CO), ↓ systemic vascular resistance (SVR)), cardiogenic (↓ CO, ↑ SVR), hypovolemic (↓ CO, ↑ SVR), obstructive (↓ CO), and mixed. Types of Shock hemorrágico
  • Hipoxia por otras causas pulmonares
  • Infección y/o sepsis Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by hypotension despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called septic shock. Sepsis and Septic Shock
  • Dolor Dolor Inflammation y/o ansiedad
  • Abstinencia ( en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum pacientes con dependencia de alcohol/drogas)
• Diagnóstico:
  • ECG ECG An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a graphic representation of the electrical activity of the heart plotted against time. Adhesive electrodes are affixed to the skin surface allowing measurement of cardiac impulses from many angles. The ECG provides 3-dimensional information about the conduction system of the heart, the myocardium, and other cardiac structures. Electrocardiogram (ECG)
  • Hemograma
  • Gasometría arterial
  • Considerar las troponinas
• Tratamiento: depende de la etiología subyacente

Hipoxia y desaturación

• Presentación:
  • Disnea
  • Irritabilidad y/o inquietud
  • Somnolencia y/o confusión
  • Diaforesis
• Causas:
  • Esfuerzo inspiratorio deficiente debido al AL Amyloidosis dolor Dolor Inflammation (especialmente después de una cirugía torácica o abdominal)
  • Atelectasias
  • Depresión respiratoria debido a:
    • Narcóticos
    • Anestésicos
  • TEP
  • Neumonía
  • Síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda
  • Enfermedad pulmonar preexistente (e.g., enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC))
  • Neumotórax
  • Derrame pleural
  • Shock Shock Shock is a life-threatening condition associated with impaired circulation that results in tissue hypoxia. The different types of shock are based on the underlying cause: distributive (↑ cardiac output (CO), ↓ systemic vascular resistance (SVR)), cardiogenic (↓ CO, ↑ SVR), hypovolemic (↓ CO, ↑ SVR), obstructive (↓ CO), and mixed. Types of Shock hipovolémico:
    • Pérdida de sangre
    • Reposición inadecuada de líquidos
  • Obstrucción de las vías aéreas (e.g., aspiración de vómito, edema Edema Edema is a condition in which excess serous fluid accumulates in the body cavity or interstitial space of connective tissues. Edema is a symptom observed in several medical conditions. It can be categorized into 2 types, namely, peripheral (in the extremities) and internal (in an organ or body cavity). Edema laríngeo)
  • Apnea obstructiva del sueño
  • Broncoespasmo

• Diagnóstico:
  • Gasometría arterial
  • Radiografía de tórax
• Tratamiento:
  • Administrar oxígeno suplementario.
  • Si es grave, considerar la intubación.
  • Tratamiento de la causa subyacente.

Fiebre

La fiebre en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el postoperatorio puede ocurrir por una variedad de causas, las cuales deben ser investigadas y tratadas adecuadamente.

• Causas:
  • Respiratorias →
    • Atelectasia (colapso de las vías aéreas pequeñas): días postoperatorios 1–2
    • Neumonía: días postoperatorios 3–5
    • TEP
  • ITU: días postoperatorios 3–5
  • TVP: días postoperatorios 4–6
  • Herida quirúrgica →
    • Infección de sitio quirúrgico (tanto superficial como profunda): días postoperatorios 5–7
    • Objetos extraños: e.g., esponja quirúrgica retenida, malla, líneas, implantes
    • Sepsis Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by hypotension despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called septic shock. Sepsis and Septic Shock
  • Medicamentos: día postoperatorio > 7
• Diagnóstico:
  • Buen examen físico en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum busca de signos de infección
  • Análisis de orina
  • Radiografía de tórax
  • Considere los LOS Neisseria estudios Doppler Doppler Ultrasonography applying the doppler effect, with frequency-shifted ultrasound reflections produced by moving targets (usually red blood cells) in the bloodstream along the ultrasound axis in direct proportion to the velocity of movement of the targets, to determine both direction and velocity of blood flow. Ultrasound (Sonography) para buscar TVP.
• Tratamiento: depende de la etiología subyacente

Dolor Dolor Inflammation

El dolor Dolor Inflammation es con frecuencia un síntoma de presentación que puede indicar una complicación. El dolor Dolor Inflammation puede ser difícil de evaluar porque es subjetivo y generalmente esperado.

• Causas:
  • Alivio inadecuado del dolor Dolor Inflammation quirúrgico normal
    • Baja tolerancia al AL Amyloidosis dolor Dolor Inflammation
    • Síndrome doloroso subyacente
    • Antecedente de abuso de narcóticos
  • Hemorragia interna
  • Infección de sitio quirúrgico
  • Cuerpo extraño retenido
• Diagnóstico:
  • Buen examen físico
  • Considerar la imagenología.
• Tratamiento:
  • Depende del procedimiento original y de la sospecha de etiología subyacente (e.g., tratar infecciones, volver al AL Amyloidosis quirófano para tratar hemorragias)
  • Ajustar el régimen de medicamentos para el dolor Dolor Inflammation.
  • Educar al AL Amyloidosis paciente.

Cambios en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el estado mental

• Causas:
  • Disminución de la oxigenación
  • Accidente cerebrovascular
  • Medicamentos
  • Agitación nocturna: delirium Delirium Delirium is a medical condition characterized by acute disturbances in attention and awareness. Symptoms may fluctuate during the course of a day and involve memory deficits and disorientation. Delirium/confusión en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum pacientes ancianos relacionado con la privación sensorial
• Diagnóstico:
  • Evaluación de ABC.
  • Examen físico con examen neurológico
  • Revisar los LOS Neisseria medicamentos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum busca de posibles agentes agresores.
  • Gasometría arterial: buscar hipoxia.
  • Radiografía de tórax (como parte del estudio de la hipoxia): buscar neumonía.
  • ECG ECG An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a graphic representation of the electrical activity of the heart plotted against time. Adhesive electrodes are affixed to the skin surface allowing measurement of cardiac impulses from many angles. The ECG provides 3-dimensional information about the conduction system of the heart, the myocardium, and other cardiac structures. Electrocardiogram (ECG): buscar causas cardíacas de la disminución de la perfusión.
  • TC craneal: descartar accidente cerebrovascular y grandes masas intracraneales.
• Tratamiento:
  • Tratar la etiología subyacente