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Acidosis Respiratoria

El sistema respiratorio se encarga de eliminar el ácido volátil dióxido de carbono (CO2), que se produce a través del metabolismo aeróbico. El cuerpo produce aproximadamente 15 000 mmol de CO2 al AL Amyloidosis día, que es la mayor parte de la producción diaria de ácido; el resto de la carga ácida diaria (solo unos 70 mmol de ácidos no volátiles) se excreta a través de los LOS Neisseria riñones. En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el contexto de hipoventilación, esta carga de ácido no se elimina adecuadamente y se produce acidosis Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up. Respiratory Acidosis respiratoria. La compensación renal se produce después de 3–5 días, ya que los LOS Neisseria riñones intentan aumentar los LOS Neisseria niveles de bicarbonato sérico. Los LOS Neisseria pacientes suelen ser asintomáticos o pueden presentar manifestaciones neuropsiquiátricas o disnea leve. El diagnóstico se realiza con la gasometría arterial. El tratamiento implica tratar la etiología subyacente, estabilizar al AL Amyloidosis paciente y evitar los LOS Neisseria sedantes respiratorios.

Last updated: Dec 15, 2025

Editorial responsibility: Stanley Oiseth, Lindsay Jones, Evelin Maza

Descripción General

Definición

La acidosis Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up. Respiratory Acidosis respiratoria es el proceso que da lugar a una acumulación de dióxido de carbono debido a un intercambio anormal de gases en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria pulmones. En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la acidosis Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up. Respiratory Acidosis respiratoria primaria, la gasometría arterial mostrará:

  • pH pH The quantitative measurement of the acidity or basicity of a solution. Acid-Base Balance < 7,35
  • PCO2 (presión parcial de dióxido de carbono) > 45 mm MM Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant condition of plasma cells (activated B lymphocytes) primarily seen in the elderly. Monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells results in cytokine-driven osteoclastic activity and excessive secretion of IgG antibodies. Multiple Myeloma Hg (i.e., hipercapnia)

Epidemiología

  • Incidencia: varía en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum función de la etiología
  • Más común en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum:
    • Enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) terminal
    • Pacientes quirúrgicos

Revisión Ácido-Base

Los LOS Neisseria trastornos ácido-base se clasifican según la alteración primaria (respiratoria o metabólica) y la presencia o ausencia de compensación.

Identificación de la alteración primaria

Observe el pH pH The quantitative measurement of the acidity or basicity of a solution. Acid-Base Balance, la PCO2 (presión parcial de CO2) y HCO3 (bicarbonato) para determinar la alteración primaria.

  • Valores normales:
    • pH pH The quantitative measurement of the acidity or basicity of a solution. Acid-Base Balance: 7,35–7,45
    • PCO2: 35–45 mm MM Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant condition of plasma cells (activated B lymphocytes) primarily seen in the elderly. Monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells results in cytokine-driven osteoclastic activity and excessive secretion of IgG antibodies. Multiple Myeloma Hg
    • HCO3: 22–28 mEq/L
  • -emia frente a osis:
    • “-emia” se refiere a “ en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la sangre”:
      • Acidemia Acidemia Respiratory Acidosis: más iones de hidrógeno (H+) en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la sangre = pH pH The quantitative measurement of the acidity or basicity of a solution. Acid-Base Balance < 7,35
      • Alcalemia: más iones de hidróxido (OH) en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la sangre = pH pH The quantitative measurement of the acidity or basicity of a solution. Acid-Base Balance > 7,45
    • “-osis” se refiere a un proceso:
      • La acidosis Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up. Respiratory Acidosis y la alcalosis se refieren a los LOS Neisseria procesos que causan acidemia Acidemia Respiratory Acidosis y alcalemia.
      • El pH pH The quantitative measurement of the acidity or basicity of a solution. Acid-Base Balance puede ser normal en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la acidosis Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up. Respiratory Acidosis y la alcalosis.
  • Trastornos respiratorios primarios (descompensados):
    • Trastornos causados por anomalías de la PCO2
    • Tanto el pH pH The quantitative measurement of the acidity or basicity of a solution. Acid-Base Balance como la PCO2 son anormales, en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum direcciones opuestas.
    • Acidosis Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up. Respiratory Acidosis respiratoria primaria: pH pH The quantitative measurement of the acidity or basicity of a solution. Acid-Base Balance < 7,35 y PCO2 > 45
    • Alcalosis respiratoria primaria: pH pH The quantitative measurement of the acidity or basicity of a solution. Acid-Base Balance > 7,45 y PCO2 < 35
  • Trastornos metabólicos primarios (descompensados):
    • Trastornos causados por anomalías en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el HCO3
    • Tanto el pH pH The quantitative measurement of the acidity or basicity of a solution. Acid-Base Balance como la PCO2 son anormales, en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la misma dirección.
    • Acidosis Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up. Respiratory Acidosis metabólica primaria descompensada:
      • pH pH The quantitative measurement of the acidity or basicity of a solution. Acid-Base Balance < 7,35 y PCO2 < 40
      • Piense: “Entonces si la acidosis Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up. Respiratory Acidosis no se debe a ↑ CO2 … debe ser debido a ↓ HCO3 sérico → acidosis Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up. Respiratory Acidosis metabólica”
      • Confirmar viendo el HCO3: estará bajo (< 22 mEq/L)
    • Alcalosis metabólica primaria descompensada:
      • pH pH The quantitative measurement of the acidity or basicity of a solution. Acid-Base Balance > 7,45 y PCO2 > 40
      • Piense: “Entonces si la alcalosis no se debe a ↓ CO2 … debe ser debido a ↑ HCO3 sérico → alcalosis metabólica”
      • Confirmar viendo el HCO3: estará elevado (> 28 mEq/L)
  • Trastornos simples:
    • La presencia de uno de los LOS Neisseria trastornos anteriores con una compensación adecuada
    • Los LOS Neisseria trastornos respiratorios se compensan con mecanismos renales.
    • Los LOS Neisseria trastornos metabólicos se compensan con mecanismos respiratorios
  • Trastornos mixtos: presencia de dos trastornos primarios

Compensación

Cuando se produce acidosis Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up. Respiratory Acidosis o alcalosis, el cuerpo intenta compensarla. A menudo, la compensación dará lugar a un pH pH The quantitative measurement of the acidity or basicity of a solution. Acid-Base Balance normal.

  • En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria trastornos respiratorios ácido–base primarios, el riñón puede tratar de compensar en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum un intento de normalizar el pH pH The quantitative measurement of the acidity or basicity of a solution. Acid-Base Balance.
    • Los LOS Neisseria riñones responden a la acidosis Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up. Respiratory Acidosis respiratoria aumentando el HCO3 sérico mediante la secreción ↑ de H+.
    • Los LOS Neisseria riñones responden a la alcalosis respiratoria disminuyendo el HCO3 sérico:
      • ↓ Secreción de H+
      • Excreción urinaria de HCO3 (normalmente el bicarbonato se absorbe al AL Amyloidosis 100%)
  • En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria trastornos ácido–base metabólicos primarios, los LOS Neisseria pulmones pueden tratar de compensar en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum un intento de normalizar el pH pH The quantitative measurement of the acidity or basicity of a solution. Acid-Base Balance.
    • Los LOS Neisseria pulmones responden a la acidosis Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up. Respiratory Acidosis metabólica mediante ↑ ventilación.
    • Los LOS Neisseria pulmones responden a la alcalosis metabólica mediante ↓ ventilación.
  • Interpretación del HCO3 sérico:
    • Rango normal: 22–28 mEq/L
    • ↑ HCO3 ocurre sea por:
      • Alcalosis metabólica, o
      • Acidosis Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up. Respiratory Acidosis respiratoria crónica compensada
    • ↓ HCO3 ocurre sea por:
      • Acidosis Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up. Respiratory Acidosis metabólica, o
      • Alcalosis respiratoria crónica compensada

Fisiopatología y Etiología

Revisión de conceptos pulmonares relevantes

  • Volumen tidal: volumen de aire que entra y sale de los LOS Neisseria pulmones en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum cada respiración
  • Hipercapnia: niveles elevados de CO2 en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la sangre
  • Espacio muerto: aire en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el árbol respiratorio que no participa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el intercambio de gases
    • Espacio muerto anatómico:
      • Vía aérea superior hasta los LOS Neisseria bronquiolos terminales
      • Volumen fijo de aire
    • Espacio muerto alveolar:
      • Se refiere a ciertos alvéolos que están ventilados pero no perfundidos
      • Normalmente, un volumen total muy pequeño, a menos que haya un proceso patológico
    • Espacio muerto fisiológico = espacio muerto anatómico + espacio muerto alveolar
  • Efectos de respiraciones profundas vs superficiales:
    • Respiración profunda: ↑ volumen tidal + volumen fijo de espacio muerto
      • El espacio muerto es una fracción menor de la ventilación total.
      • Mejor intercambio de gases → no hay hipercapnia
    • Respiración superficial = ↓ volumen tidal + volumen fijo de espacio muerto
      • El espacio muerto es una fracción mayor de la ventilación total.
      • Peor intercambio de gases → riesgo de hipercapnia
  • Ventilación por minuto:
    • Volumen de aire que entra y sale de los LOS Neisseria pulmones por minuto
    • Ventilación por minuto = volumen tidal × frecuencia respiratoria
  • Ventilación alveolar (VA):
    • La fracción de la ventilación por minuto que participa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el intercambio de gases
    • La VA está inversamente relacionado con la presión parcial arterial de dióxido de carbono (PaCO2)
      • A medida que la ventilación ↑ → PaCO2
      • A medida que la ventilación ↓ → PaCO2
    • VA = (volumen tidal – espacio muerto) × frecuencia respiratoria
Ventilación alveolar

Relación entre la ventilación alveolar y la PCO2

Imagen por Lecturio.

Fisiopatología

La acidosis Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up. Respiratory Acidosis respiratoria se produce cuando la PCO2 es elevada.

  • Causas de acidosis Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up. Respiratory Acidosis respiratoria:
    • ↓ Ventilación alveolar (VA):
      • ↓ Frecuencia respiratoria
      • ↓ Volumen tidal
      • ↑ Espacio muerto
    • Severa ↓ de la capacidad de difusión pulmonar
    • Desajuste severo de ventilación–perfusión
  • Estas afecciones pueden ocurrir debido a anomalías en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la vía respiratoria que afectan a la eliminación de CO2:
    • Sistema nervioso central (SNC)
    • Sistema nervioso periférico
    • Músculos respiratorios y pared torácica
    • Vía aérea superior
    • Pulmones
Tabla: Vía respiratoria que afecta a la eliminación de CO2
¿Cómo afecta la eliminación del CO2? La disrupción de la eliminación de CO2 es causada por trastornos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum:
“No respira” SNC
“No puede respirar”
  • Sistema nervioso periférico
  • Músculos respiratorios y pared torácica
  • Vía aérea superior
Intercambio anormal de gases: “No puede respirar lo suficiente” Pulmones

Etiología

Tabla: Etiologías de acidosis Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up. Respiratory Acidosis respiratoria
Etiología Ejemplos
↓ Frecuencia respiratoria: ↓ impulso respiratorio
  • Medicamentos:
    • Opiáceos
    • Benzodiacepinas
  • Trastornos cerebrales primarios:
    • Accidente cerebrovascular
    • Encefalitis
    • Enfermedad del tronco cerebral
  • Apnea obstructiva del sueño
↓ Volumen tidal: deterioro de la capacidad de expandir completamente los LOS Neisseria pulmones
  • Debilidad muscular respiratoria:
    • Síndrome de Guillain–Barré
    • Miastenia gravis
    • Esclerosis lateral amiotrófica
    • Distrofia muscular
    • Lesión de la columna cervical por encima de C3
    • Trastornos metabólicos: hipofosfatemia, hipomagnesemia, hipopotasemia
  • Disminución de la distensibilidad de la pared torácica:
↑ Espacio muerto alveolar: deterioro de la capacidad de intercambio de gases
  • Fibrosis Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. Bronchiolitis Obliterans pulmonar: El tejido cicatricial impide el intercambio de gases.
  • Edema Edema Edema is a condition in which excess serous fluid accumulates in the body cavity or interstitial space of connective tissues. Edema is a symptom observed in several medical conditions. It can be categorized into 2 types, namely, peripheral (in the extremities) and internal (in an organ or body cavity). Edema pulmonar: El líquido en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria alvéolos impide el intercambio de gases.
  • Émbolo pulmonar: El coágulo de sangre impide la perfusión de los LOS Neisseria alvéolos.
  • Enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC): destrucción de los LOS Neisseria alvéolos
  • Asma ASMA Autoimmune Hepatitis: obstrucción de la vía aérea que impide una ventilación alveolar efectiva

Compensación renal

Los LOS Neisseria riñones responden a la acidosis Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up. Respiratory Acidosis respiratoria aumentando el HCO3 sérico.

  • Mecanismo de ↑ HCO3: ↑ secreción renal de H+
    • El H+ existe en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las nefronas como H2CO3 (ácido carbónico).
    • Por cada H+ secretado, queda un HCO3 (i.e., se regenera).
    • Este HCO3 se reabsorbe entonces en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la circulación → ↑ HCO3 sérico
  • Aumento del nivel de HCO3:
    • Inicialmente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum aproximadamente 1 mEq/L por 10 mm MM Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant condition of plasma cells (activated B lymphocytes) primarily seen in the elderly. Monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells results in cytokine-driven osteoclastic activity and excessive secretion of IgG antibodies. Multiple Myeloma Hg ↑ en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la PaCO2
    • En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum aproximadamente 4 mEq/L por cada 10 mm MM Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant condition of plasma cells (activated B lymphocytes) primarily seen in the elderly. Monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells results in cytokine-driven osteoclastic activity and excessive secretion of IgG antibodies. Multiple Myeloma Hg ↑ en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la PaCO2 en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum pacientes con acidosis Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up. Respiratory Acidosis respiratoria crónica
  • El proceso tarda entre 3–5 días en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum completarse:
    • Las células deben sufrir cambios físicos para permitir una mayor secreción de H+.
    • El HCO3 y pH pH The quantitative measurement of the acidity or basicity of a solution. Acid-Base Balance séricos aumentan lentamente durante este tiempo.
    • El pH pH The quantitative measurement of the acidity or basicity of a solution. Acid-Base Balance mejora.

Acidosis Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up. Respiratory Acidosis respiratoria aguda versus crónica

La acidosis Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up. Respiratory Acidosis respiratoria aguda versus crónica se define por el grado de compensación renal.

  • La acidosis Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up. Respiratory Acidosis respiratoria aguda es descompensada:
    • No hay tiempo suficiente para que se produzca la compensación renal
    • Es más probable que sea sintomática debido a la hipercapnia
    • Alto riesgo de insuficiencia respiratoria aguda en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum minutos u horas
  • La acidosis Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up. Respiratory Acidosis respiratoria crónica es compensada:
    • La compensación renal es completa.
    • Generalmente asintomática, a pesar de la hipercapnia crónica
    • Bajo riesgo de insuficiencia respiratoria aguda en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria próximos minutos u horas
    • Riesgo significativo a largo plazo de insuficiencia respiratoria aguda si se expone a injurias adicionales

Presentación Clínica, Diagnóstico y Tratamiento

Presentación clínica y diagnóstico

El diagnóstico de una acidosis Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up. Respiratory Acidosis respiratoria suele requerir una gasometría arterial.

  • Presentación clínica de la hipercapnia:
    • Neurológica:
      • Ansiedad/paranoia
      • Cefaleas
      • Somnolencia
      • Delirio
      • Coma Coma Coma is defined as a deep state of unarousable unresponsiveness, characterized by a score of 3 points on the GCS. A comatose state can be caused by a multitude of conditions, making the precise epidemiology and prognosis of coma difficult to determine. Coma
    • Pulmonar: disnea (generalmente leve)
  • Diagnóstico: principalmente con una gasometría arterial:
    • Acidosis Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up. Respiratory Acidosis respiratoria aguda:
      • pH pH The quantitative measurement of the acidity or basicity of a solution. Acid-Base Balance < 7,35
      • PaCO2 > 45 mm MM Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant condition of plasma cells (activated B lymphocytes) primarily seen in the elderly. Monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells results in cytokine-driven osteoclastic activity and excessive secretion of IgG antibodies. Multiple Myeloma Hg
      • HCO3 normal
    • Acidosis Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up. Respiratory Acidosis respiratoria crónica (compensada):
      • pH pH The quantitative measurement of the acidity or basicity of a solution. Acid-Base Balance < 7,4 (bajo o casi normal)
      • PaCO2 > 45 mm MM Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant condition of plasma cells (activated B lymphocytes) primarily seen in the elderly. Monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells results in cytokine-driven osteoclastic activity and excessive secretion of IgG antibodies. Multiple Myeloma Hg
      • HCO3 elevado

Tratamiento

  • Evaluar el ABC:
    • Asegúrese de que la vía aérea sea segura.
    • Administrar O2 suplementario.
    • Soporte ventilatorio según necesidad
  • Tratar la etiología subyacente; ejemplos incluyen:
    • Exacerbación de EPOC: broncodilatadores y corticosteroides
    • Neumonía en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum trastornos neuromusculares: antibióticos
  • Evitar sedantes respiratorios.

Relevancia Clínica

  • Miastenia gravis: trastorno autoinmune caracterizado por anomalías en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la conducción neuromuscular que da lugar a una debilidad fluctuante y puede provocar una insuficiencia respiratoria aguda hipercápnica
  • Síndrome de GuillainBarré: polineuropatía aguda postinfecciosa, inmunomediada, de las raíces nerviosas periféricas, caracterizada por una parálisis progresiva, simétrica y ascendente que acaba afectando a la capacidad respiratoria del paciente
  • Enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC): espectro de afecciones caracterizadas por una limitación irreversible del flujo aéreo por inflamación crónica de las vías respiratorias de pequeño calibre: las exacerbaciones de EPOC pueden afectar la ventilación alveolar, elevar la PaCO2 e inducir un estado acidótico.
  • Asma ASMA Autoimmune Hepatitis: afección inflamatoria crónica de las vías respiratorias, caracterizada por la hiperreactividad bronquial, que se presenta como sibilancias, tos TOS Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a broad term used for a spectrum of syndromes related to the general region of the thoracic outlet, which involves the compression or irritation of elements of the brachial plexus, subclavian artery, or subclavian vein. Thoracic Outlet Syndrome y disnea: las exacerbaciones agudas del asma ASMA Autoimmune Hepatitis provocan una alteración súbita de la ventilación alveolar y pueden provocar acidosis Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up. Respiratory Acidosis respiratoria.

Referencias

  1. Emmett, M., Palmer B. F. (2020). Simple and mixed acid-base disorders. UpToDate. Retrieved April 1, 2021, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/simple-and-mixed-acid-base-disorders 
  2. Feller-Kopman, D. J., Schwartzstein, R. M. (2021). Mechanisms, causes, and effects of hypercapnia. UpToDate. Retrieved April 1, 2021, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/mechanisms-causes-and-effects-of-hypercapnia
  3. Theodore, A. C. (2020). Arterial blood gases. UpToDate. Retrieved April 1, 2021, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/arterial-blood-gases
  4. Feller-Kopman, D. J., Schwartzstein, R. M. (2021). The evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of the adult patient with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure. UpToDate. Retrieved April 8, 2021, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-evaluation-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-the-adult-patient-with-acute-hypercapnic-respiratory-failure

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