00:01
Our topic now brings
us to breast cancer.
00:04
A couple of things that we want
to make sure that we go through
with malignant breast
cancer is, well,
who is your patient and
what are some risk factors.
00:14
A lot of this we’ve kind of
already talked about with
our molecular pathology.
00:18
Let’s put everything
together here.
00:20
Commonly, you’ll find this
postmenopausal, not always.
00:24
Arises from the mammary
duct epithelium
and, later on, when we get
into clinical anatomy,
I’ll show you the glands
that are affected.
00:33
Breast cancer can be diagnosed either pre-or postmenopausally
and the risk increases with age.
00:38
The most common histologic subtypes are infiltrating ductal
carcinoma and invasive lobular carcinoma.
00:44
Other less common types are mucinous, tubular, medullary, papillary, angiosarcoma, and others.
00:51
Tissue from biopsy specimens are tested for hormone receptors known as estrogen and progesterone receptors,
or ER and PR, and are reported as positive or negative.
01:01
All specimens are also tested for HER2, an epidermal growth protein,
and the results of these tests will help determine the best treatment for a specific patient.
01:09
The most important prognostic indicators is the tumor stage,
which includes the size and whether or not there is lymph node involvement or metastatic disease.
01:18
The most common place
that you would find tumors
in general would be --
what part of the breast?
I’ll show you a picture coming up
in which majority of percentage
of your breast tumors will be
located in the upper quadrant.
01:31
Upper outer quadrant.
01:33
What are my risk factors for
malignant breast cancer?
They include the following:
Estrogen exposure,
so any female that has
exposure to increased estrogen
including hormone
replacement therapy,
including early menarche,
late menopause,
including the fact that she
might be suffering from
polycystic ovarian syndrome.
01:56
Increased total number
of menstrual cycles,
that would then mean what?
Increased exposure to estrogen.
02:02
Use your physiology
to understand
why increased number of menstrual
cycles could increase the risk.
02:09
Live birth and obesity.
02:11
Obesity once again,
the more obese a female
is, the more adipocyte,
and the name of the
enzyme there is called?
Aromatization.
02:20
Therefore, once again,
increased estrogen.
02:23
Eventually, the risk factor
that you want to keep in mind
is obesity associated with
increased estrgen exposure.