Chronology and Regional Distribution of Ebola Outbreaks

Name: Chronology and Regional Distribution of Ebola Outbreaks
Uploaded: 2025-05-20
Duration: 5 min 20 s
Description: The lecture Chronology and Regional Distribution of Ebola Outbreaks by Jean-Jacques Muyembe-Tamfum, MD, PhD is from the course Ebola.

by Jean-Jacques Muyembe-Tamfum, MD, PhD

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00:00 To give you an overview of the chronology of Ebola outbreak, we posed a question after Ebola Kikwit. Who's turn is it? If you remember, the first outbreak occurred in 1976, and the second big outbreak was in Kikwit 19 years later. But since the the outbreak, we have more and more frequent outbreaks of Ebola in DRC and also in Africa. So, in the family of Filoviruses the outbreak, the first outbreak was described in Marburg, but the virus is a tropical virus because in Marburg they they work on monkeys imported from Uganda. And the technicians were infected in contact of monkey cells. And then we had in 1975- 1976, we had the two outbreaks in Sudan and in DRC. And after that we have some isolated cases, natural, isolated cases of of Marburg, in Zimbabwe and in Kenya. And we have a very long silence of these viruses in the history of these viruses. But another strain of Ebola we call Reston Ebola virus was detected in the Philippines, and monkeys imported in the United States were also the cause of episodic in the lab. And also some year later in Italy. And in 1994, we had a very big episodic in the Tai Forest in Ivory Coast. And a year later we have the outbreak of Kikwit. So it is very interesting to follow up these, events in Africa, Asia, America for these outbreaks of Ebola. The history of Ebola outbreaks. In summary, we can say that most of outbreaks were caused by Ebola Zaire, that is the the most virulent strain, as you can see since 1976. And we have all the the first outbreak and the second big outbreak was in 1995. This is the outbreak. And since then we have a frequent outbreaks in DRC and other African countries. And the second it is outbreaks caused by Sudan Ebola virus. The most of our country of affected countries are the countries in the Nile basin in Sudan and and Uganda. And finally the the outbreak caused by Bundibugyo ebolavirus. Until now, we have only Uganda that has affected in 2007. And DRC is in Israel in 2012. This is the history of, these, these special viruses that cause a lot of outbreaks in Africa, mostly in, in DRC. So we have the Ebola Zaire that we can find in West Africa and mostly in DRC and Gabon and Sudan, Ebola virus in Sudan and Uganda. And in yellow, you have, Ebola bundibugyo that was observed in Uganda and DRC. And DRC is the country most affected by Ebola virus, with the first outbreak, a big outbreak in 1976 and the second 19 years later are in Kikwit and the most important outbreak was saw in 2018, in the eastern part of the country. So since the outbreak of Kikwit, we have more and more frequency of outbreak in DRC. Then after the the big the biggest outbreak of 2018, we have small outbreaks and most of them were caused by the transmission of the convalescent. It's not a spillover, but it is a transmission from the convalescent patients who infect their partners by sexual contact. So, I am happy that you have an idea about the history of Ebola outbreaks in Africa. Thank you.

About the Lecture

The lecture Chronology and Regional Distribution of Ebola Outbreaks by Jean-Jacques Muyembe-Tamfum, MD, PhD is from the course Ebola.

Included Quiz Questions

What pattern emerged in the frequency of Ebola outbreaks following the 1995 Kikwit epidemic?

Ebola outbreaks became more frequent in DRC and other African countries after Kikwit
Ebola outbreaks decreased significantly due to improved surveillance systems
Outbreaks remained at the same frequency as before with 19-year intervals
Outbreaks shifted completely from Africa to other continents
Outbreaks became less severe but maintained the same frequency pattern

Which countries are primarily affected by Sudan Ebola virus outbreaks compared to other Ebola species?

Countries in the Nile basin, particularly Sudan and Uganda
West African countries including Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone
Central African countries including Gabon and Equatorial Guinea
East African countries including Kenya, Tanzania, and Rwanda
Southern African countries including Zimbabwe and South Africa

What new mode of Ebola transmission has been observed in small outbreaks following major epidemics like the 2018 DRC outbreak?

Sexual transmission from convalescent patients to their partners, rather than spillover events
Airborne transmission in crowded urban environments with poor ventilation
Vector-borne transmission through infected mosquitoes in tropical regions
Foodborne transmission through contaminated water sources and agricultural products
Nosocomial transmission through inadequately sterilized medical equipment

Author of lecture Chronology and Regional Distribution of Ebola Outbreaks

Jean-Jacques Muyembe-Tamfum, MD, PhD

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