00:01
Hi, I'm Dr.
00:04
Lawes and I wanna welcome you to our video on
Gastrointestinal nursing pharmacology.
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We gonna focus on gastritis, peptic ulcer
disease (PUD), and gastroesophageal reflux
disease which you may know as GERD.
00:14
Now remember! Consider having a notebook handy
to jot down notes as you watch.
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This will help reinforce your understanding
and make it easier to review the material
later. Additionally, you might find it
helpful to watch the video twice.
00:27
I know, but listen, as repetition greatly aids
in your retention.
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If you watch this twice, it's just gonna help
you that much more. Now, these tips are meant
to be helpful and we offer them with the best
of intentions to support your learning
journey. Happy studying!
Now, to better understand the pharmacology
behind these conditions, we need to start with
a recap of the anatomy and physiology of the
gastrointestinal system.
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So with a particular focus on the stomach is
where I'm gonna start first.
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Our gastrointestinal or GI tract is a
continuous tube and it runs from the mouth
all the way down to the anus.
01:02
Now, each section has a specific role in
digestion.
01:05
So, when we eat, food enters the mouth or
oral cavity and is then sent back into the
pharynx; now.
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when this happens, we stop calling it food.
01:14
Now we call it a bolus and once the bolus
passes through the pharynx, it faces a fork in
the road. One path leads to the stomach,
which we can all agree is the desired route,
while the other leads to the respiratory
system.
01:28
Now, if it were as simple as a 50/50 chance of
entering either the respiratory or
gastrointestinal system, we'd likely run into
trouble!
Right? So, what prevents us from constantly
choking?
That's right, the epiglottis.
01:42
This cartilaginous gatekeeper springs into
action every time we eat, closing the passage
to the bronchi so that food can smoothly
continue its journey to the esophagus.
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Moving along, pun intended, the bolus travels
down the esophagus and eventually reaches the
star of this topic, it's the stomach, now,
we gonna come back to that in a second.
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Once the stomach has completed its task, the
partially digested food, now known as chyme,
embarks on the next leg of its journey.
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It enters the small intestine, a long, and
twisting tube that can be thought of as the
body's nutritional highway.
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The
small intestine also receives assistance from
the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
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This is where the bile and pancreatic enzymes
are created, and they help aid in the
digestion and absorption of fats, proteins,
and carbohydrates. So, after this thorough
processing, the chyme reaches the large
intestine or colon.
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Now, this serves as the body's recycling and
waste management center.
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The large intestine absorbs water and
electrolytes from the remaining chyme,
transforming it into solid waste.
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Finally, the journey reaches its end as the
solid waste, now called feces, is stored in
the rectum. When the time is right, the feces
make their grand exit through the anus,
concluding the remarkable journey through the
gastrointestinal system.
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Now that we have gone through the different
structures that comprise the gastrointestinal
system. It's time to, as mentioned earlier,
focus on the star of this series of videos:
the stomach! Think of the stomach as a
factory.
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It is located between the esophagus and the
small intestine.
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The stomach has three main areas: the fundus,
the body, and the antrum.
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The stomach's inner lining wears a coat of
mucus to shield itself from the acidic
environment needed to break down food.
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However, what cells of the stomach produce
this mucus and acid?
Do you know?
Let’s find out! The stomach is a factory with
“parietal cells,” they are found in the
mucosal lining of the stomach.
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Now, they work really hard to produce
hydrochloric acid, simply known as "acid."
Now, this acid is crucial for breaking down
food and eliminating harmful bacteria, it
does some really cool stuff. I want you to
write this down because it will be important
later. So, parietal cells equal hydrochloric
acid.
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Another important question we should ask
ourselves is, how do the parietal cells
produce this acid?
Well, this is an important question because
some of the drugs we’ll discuss affect the
enzyme that allows the parietal cells to
produce acid.
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This is the enzyme known as the proton pump.
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Ok, it is also known by another name, the
H+/K+-ATPase, but that's why we call it the
proton pump. The proton pump is like a
microscopic machine that moves tiny particles
called "protons" from inside the parietal
cells, and into the stomach.
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These protons make the inside of the stomach
acidic, which helps us degrade and digest our
food. So that’s it regarding the parietal
cells… But wait a second, how does it come
that this acid doesn’t destroy our stomach
from the inside?
Well, that’s all thanks to our wonderful
mucus-producing goblet cells!
Ok, they are like little guardians, creating
a protective barrier to defend the stomach
lining from the corrosive effects of acid.
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So once again, I advise you to write this
one down goblet cells equal mucus production.
05:16
Finally, the chief cells are another essential
part of this factory, as they produce an
enzyme called pepsinogen.
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When acid is present, pepsinogen transforms
into pepsin, which helps break down proteins.
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Now, this is a vital step in digestion.
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If something bad happens to the stomach, and
something bad will happen to it during this
series, chief cells could be affected.
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This would lead to an inability to break down
proteins which will make digesting food very
difficult. So here is another one for you to
write down!
Chief cells equal enzymes that break down
food.
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Now, before we leave, here’s a simple mnemonic
to help you remember the cells we discussed
and what they do. The mnemonic is: "Please
Give Chewing Elephants Mighty Hugs." Ok, let's
break that down: "Please" and "Hugs"
represent Parietal cells and their role in
producing Hydrochloric acid.
06:09
Just as a hug can be strong and powerful,
hydrochloric acid is crucial for breaking down
food and eliminating bacteria in the stomach.
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"Give" and "Mighty" stands for Goblet cells.
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Now, these guys are responsible for Mucus
production.
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So imagine giving a mighty gift to someone,
that's what goblet cells do by creating a
protective barrier to shield the stomach
lining from the corrosive effects of acid.
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Finally, "Chewing" and "Elephants" symbolize
Chief cells and their function in producing
Enzymes that break down food.
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Picture an elephant chewing on a large meal;
chief cells help break down those big bites
into digestible pieces through the production
of enzymes like pepsinogen.
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Ok, with this refresher on the stomach's
anatomy and physiology, we're now ready to
dive into the pharmacology of gastritis,
peptic ulcer disease, and gastroesophageal
reflux disease.
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To further support your understanding of the
material, I invite you and encourage you to
download our supplementary materials.
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Now, these resources feature a table
summarizing the functions of the stomach cells
we discussed, It's a great study tool.
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Along with this table, you have a custom
illustration of the gastrointestinal tract
designed just for you.
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The illustration is perfect for coloring,
offering a fun and engaging way to reinforce
your understanding. It also has plenty of
space for your notes.
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Don't miss out on these valuable resources
that will enhance your learning experience.
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I'll see you in the next video!