00:01
Now let's turn our attention to
the plantar aspects of the foot
or the sole of the foot,
that inferior surface.
00:09
First of all, let's just
discuss briefly the skin.
00:11
Because the skin on
the sole of the foot
is incredibly tough.
00:14
We have the heel pad here,
most posteriorly on
the sole of the foot.
00:19
We also have the ball
of the great toe,
which is quite a
prominent landmark
on this inferior surface.
00:24
And then we have the
ball of the little toe,
which is more laterally
on this inferior surface.
00:29
These are toughened
areas of skin
as they bear a lot of pressure,
a lot of weight as
we walk, run, etc.,
during our daily movement.
00:38
If we were to remove the skin,
then we'd see a very
similar arrangement
in what we see in
the palm of the hand.
00:44
We have deep plantar fascia,
which we can see here.
00:47
And then centrally, we have
the plantar aponeurosis.
00:50
This is a very thick and tough
band of connective tissue.
00:54
It's divided into
a series of bands
that contain the flexor
tendons of the digits.
01:00
We'll come to those in
the next few slides.
01:02
But these bands pass towards
each and individual digits
as they move distally
within the sole of the foot.
01:09
Here we can see the superficial
transverse metatarsal ligament.
01:13
This is important as it helps to
bind and hold all of these ligaments
in close position,
helping to hold the
tendons in position
as they move towards the digits
and preventing
them from splaying.
01:25
If we were to look at the
compartments of the foot,
so here we're looking
at a cross section,
we can see, we have this
plantar fascia here,
or the plantar aponeurosis.
01:35
And that extends both
laterally and medially
as the lateral and
medial plantar septi.
01:41
We can see the lateral and the
medial plantar septi here in green.
01:45
This creates that
central compartment
and we'll discuss
many of the muscles
that we find in this compartment
over the next few slides.
01:53
Lateral to this we have
a lateral compartment,
and then medially, we
have a medial compartment.
01:59
We also have an
interosseous compartment
that resides between the
metatarsal of the foot.
02:05
Most dorsally and we spoke
about the various muscles
in the dorsal
aspect of the foot,
we have this dorsal compartment.
02:13
All of this foot, we
can see is surrounded
by nice tough connective tissue,
that deep plantar fascia,
we also have that extending onto
the dorsal surface of the foot
where it's then covered by skin.
02:26
So now let's have a
look at the muscles
that make up the
sole of the foot.
02:30
And there's quite a
lot of muscles here
and they've been divided
into four layers.
02:36
So you may want
to stop the video
and make some notes but
take this very slowly
as there are a series
of muscles here
which we need to go through.
02:43
Also check with your
own learning objectives
from your own curricula
to see how much detail you
really need to know about this.
02:50
Do you really need to know all
of the origins and insertions
of all of these muscles
because there are a
lot of muscles here.
02:56
So take it steady and
work through these slowly.
03:01
Let's have a look
then at layer 1.
03:03
Layer 1, we have a
series of muscles
and these lie most superficial.
03:07
So they lay closest to the skin.
03:10
From lateral aspect,
we have abductor digiti minimi,
we then have flexor
digitorum brevis,
and then we have
abductor hallucis.
03:19
Again, the names
of these muscles
will help give away
their function.
03:23
If we then move on to layer 2,
we see we have
quadratus plantea muscle
located quite centrally.
03:30
And then passing towards the
digits over the metatarsals,
we have the lumbricals.
03:35
In layer 3, we have
a series of muscles
that are associated
with the big great toe,
hence hallucis,
and also one muscle associated
with the little toe,
the fifth digit,
we have flexor
digit minimi brevis
and then we have
adductor hallucis
and flexor hallucis brevis.
03:54
Again, the names will indicate
the function of these muscles.
03:58
If we then move on
to the fourth layer,
we see we have a series
of interossei muscles,
both the dorsal and the
plantar interossei muscles.
04:07
These are similar to those
we found in the hand.