Pediatric Immunizations (Nursing)

00:01 Hi, I'm Jackie Calhoun.

00:03 And today we're going to talk about childhood immunizations.

00:07 These are the sections we're going to cover, which include the definition, the prevention, the side effects and the interventions.

00:14 Let's start by defining them.

00:17 So a vaccine, also known as an immunization are medications that are given to prevent a disease to which a person has not yet been exposed.

00:26 So we're trying to keep them from getting sick by giving them the vaccine.

00:29 So why do kids need them? As kids get older, they're exposed to more and more diseases, or pathogens.

00:37 In response to those pathogens, the body's immune system creates antibodies, which help the body to remember a specific disease and help it to fight off the disease the next time a person is exposed to it.

00:48 Vaccines use dead or weakened antigens produce those same antibodies through a similar immune response as if the person was exposed to the disease.

00:56 as if the person was exposed to the disease.

00:57 These antibodies protect against future diseases.

01:01 It's important to remember that vaccines can't cause the disease they're designed to protect against.

01:07 Another important point is to remember that many childhood diseases, many of which used to be deadly have been eradicated or wiped out or eliminated because of vaccines.

01:17 The last important point is that it's important to give vaccines on a set schedule to optimize personal and population immunity.

01:26 So if we give the vaccine at the right time, they're going to be the most effective for the most people.

01:31 So imagine that this is the immune system of a person.

01:34 They've either been exposed to or vaccinated against the first two pathogens, and their immune system has made antibodies to prove it.

01:42 So they have those two existing pathogens and the two existing antibodies that go with them.

01:47 However, their immune system hasn't seen that third disease, or the third pathogen, and therefore, it doesn't have any antibodies for protection against that disease.

01:57 Vaccines provide protection against disease.

02:00 So let's talk about how they do that from a logistical standpoint.

02:03 Let's talk about the prevention.

02:06 So this chart, is what's put out by the Centers for Disease in Control and Prevention by the Centers for Disease in Control and Prevention in the United States.

02:13 And they update it every year or a few years.

02:16 And it's called the vaccine schedule.

02:18 It shows all the vaccines that are recommended and when they should be given.

02:23 But don't memorize it. It's very complicated.

02:26 Like I said, it changes pretty often, but you should know where to get it.

02:30 So if you go to the CDC website, you can download it and just know what's on there.

02:36 As we said, they're updated regularly.

02:38 They're based on the needs of the population, which is how they update them.

02:42 So, if for some reason, a disease that has a vaccine to prevent against and it's becoming more prevalent, they may change the vaccination schedule to get the most people vaccinated against that disease as possible.

02:52 to get the most people vaccinated against that disease as possible.

02:55 It's published by the CDC in the United States.

02:58 And there are also catch-up schedules that are available.

03:00 So if for some reason a child missed certain vaccines, or they started getting immunized later in life, there are different schedules that can help get them back on track.

03:11 So let's talk about the side effects of vaccines.

03:14 Many of the side effects, actually most of them are mild.

03:19 That can be a fever.

03:21 It can be tenderness at the injection site, it can be soreness, usually at that injection site, and then it can be fussiness as well.

03:30 It's important to note, that while side effects do happen, It's important to note, that while side effects do happen, severe reactions and severe side effects are very rare.

03:38 There are some contraindications to vaccine.

03:41 These include if a patient has the high fever at the time of vaccination.

03:45 If they have a serious case of diarrhea because they could be dehydrated.

03:49 They could have had serious neurological side effects to vaccines in the past, or they could be extremely premature.

03:58 Other contraindications include high doses of steroids, Other contraindications include high doses of steroids, if the patient has a severe egg allergy if it's an egg based vaccine, if they have serious exacerbations of autoimmune diseases, if they have serious exacerbations of autoimmune diseases, or if they recently received immunoglobulins, or their type of IV medication they would have received for a chronic illness.

04:16 they would have received for a chronic illness.

04:18 So how can nurses help to maximize the effectiveness of vaccines? What are some interventions we can do? First, patient and family education is critical.

04:27 The patients need to be taught why they're getting the vaccine, what vaccine they're getting? And then they need to be taught how to make maintain accurate records of the vaccines that they have been given.

04:38 The nurse needs to make sure that the family understands the information that has been given to them.

04:43 They need to understand that there are vaccine schedules, and when they need their next vaccines after they get the ones that they're getting now.

04:52 And then they need to be counseled on those side effects and how to relieve them.

04:56 So let's put all that into the judgment model.

04:59 We'll focus on layers two and three, where we'll work on our hypotheses.

05:04 And we'll start by recognizing the cues.

05:08 So we need to understand the appropriate need for and the appropriate timing of vaccines in our pediatric patients.

05:17 And then after that, let's analyze our cues are signs and symptoms.

05:21 So we need to observe our patients for their physical and psychological responses to a vaccine.

05:28 So are they nervous? Are they afraid? What side effects is this vaccine have? And let's prioritize our hypotheses next.

05:35 We are going to ask why does this patient need a vaccine? What disease is this vaccine preventing against? And why are they getting it? And then how can we help the patient tolerate this vaccine? So let's take action.

05:49 We're going to give the vaccines as ordered.

05:51 And while we're doing it, we're going to use nursing interventions for comfort.

05:55 So let's help get that patient in a comfortable position to receive the vaccine.

06:00 Let's let them hold the toy or stuffed animal, let's distract them to make them tolerate it as best as possible.

06:08 And then lastly, let's evaluate our outcomes.

06:12 So after the patient has received the vaccine, we want to reevaluate our patient's physical and psychological responses.

06:19 Make sure that they're calming down, that they're feeling better, that they're feeling relieved that the vaccine is over, and that they tolerated it fine.

06:27 So that's the end of our judgment model.

06:29 And that's the end of the video.

06:31 So thank you for watching, and we'll see you next time.