Incretin Mimetics and Amylin Mimetics – Antidiabetic Medications (Nursing)

00:01 Welcome to our video on injectable anti-diabetic medications.

00:06 Now, first, we're going to start with the incretin mimetics.

00:09 We have both the exenatide and the extended release.

00:12 Remember, anytime you see "extended release" after a drug, that means it's going to last for a long time.

00:19 Now, this is for type 2 diabetics only.

00:23 Currently, there is some off-label use for type 1, but for now, remember, we use this for type 2 diabetics only, officially.

00:31 Now, amylin mimetics, we've got pramlitinide.

00:34 Type 1 and type 2 who use mealtime insulin can benefit from this one.

00:38 So it's not an insulin, but it is an injectable drug.

00:42 So, incretin is officially only used for type 2s.

00:46 Amylin mimetics are used for type 1 and type 2 who use mealtime insulin.

00:52 So, let's dig in a little deeper and look at the incretin mimetics first.

00:56 They're also known as GLP-1 receptor agonist.

01:01 Now, I know it's getting very difficult to keep all these letters straight.

01:05 Incretin mimetics is a much better name for you to remember, but just keep in mind there's a receptor involved.

01:12 So it might help you if you just write the word "receptor agonist" underneath the incretin mimetics.

01:20 Now, these drugs enhance the effects of the hormone incretin, right? That's why we mimic that drug.

01:27 So after you eat, normally, GLP-1 is one of the incretins that's released in your GI cells.

01:33 So, in your body, when you eat, these GLP-1s are released from your GI cells, and that's what slows down the gastric emptying.

01:43 It stimulates the release of insulin, so that helps your body, kind of, drag that glucose out of the bloodstream into the cells.

01:51 So, GLP-1 responds to an increased glucose after you've eaten.

01:56 It also inhibits the release of glucagon, and it will suppress appetite.

02:01 Okay.

02:02 This is a pretty impressive drug.

02:04 I mean, you have to stick yourself to take it, but why would this benefit a patient? Well, we're going to end up with a lower blood sugar.

02:12 That's what we're looking for, but how does it get to that? Well, look at your graphic.

02:18 They did a really good job of shortening this down for you.

02:21 Look at all the arrows that are going down, except insulin, because the goal is with these medications, that we want to lower blood sugar.

02:30 So look at that first arrow.

02:31 It slows down gastric emptying, so things will move through slower.

02:37 Stay tuned, that's probably going to give us some problems later.

02:41 Glucagon is suppressed.

02:44 That's the hormone that tells my liver to put out more sugar.

02:47 That's good if I want to lower blood sugar.

02:50 It will suppress appetite.

02:53 Hey, that's kind of a new one.

02:55 But remember, we're messing with gastric emptying and that very complex process, so that's why we can suppress appetite.

03:02 It will stimulate insulin.

03:04 Cool.

03:05 That's going to help us lower blood sugar.

03:08 So, if a bunch of words seem overwhelming, they've got a great graphic there for you to remember.

03:14 But I don't want to move on until we address delayed gastric emptying because that could impact your patient's other medications.

03:21 When the gastric emptying is slowed, it might impact the absorption of oral medications.

03:28 So, if the patient is on other oral medications, as a healthcare provider team, you're going to need to look at the timing of an incretin mimetic with other medications because that could significantly effect.

03:40 Now let's look at the adverse effects of an incretin mimetic.

03:44 They can have a headache.

03:45 Boy, lots of drugs can seem to cause that.

03:48 They might have a possible risk of thyroid cancer.

03:51 That's something unusual.

03:54 Okay.

03:55 Let's supercharge your memory and see what you know.

03:58 Which medication that we discussed that slows down the breakdown of incretin by the enzyme DPP-4? Okay.

04:07 I gave you some clues in that one.

04:08 Let's see how you did.

04:18 The answer is DPP-4 inhibitors.

04:21 Remember? That's another one of the classes or families of oral anti-diabetic medications.

04:25 They slow down the breakdown of incretin hormones by blocking the action of the enzyme, DPP-4.

04:33 All right.

04:34 Now, let's look at the amylin mimetics, pramlitinide.

04:37 That's one of them.

04:38 It's a peptide hormone, so an amylin in my body is another hormone.

04:44 It delays gastric emptying.

04:46 Before we ever start, think through what you already guess are going to be the side effects of an amylin mimetic.

04:53 Look at that mechanism of action.

04:55 Does it look familiar? It delays gastric emptying.

04:59 It suppresses your appetite.

05:01 It suppresses glucagon, and it increases insulin.

05:05 Huh.

05:06 What does that sound like? What does that graphic look like? Yeah, this is awesome.

05:12 When you look at these things, the effect in the body is very similar to the drugs we've just discussed.

05:19 Now, the interesting part is that appetite suppressing in the brain.

05:23 That's a really cool side effect for these medications, and it may help the patient get their weight under control.

05:29 This one also has a risk of hypoglycemia, particularly when it's used with insulin.

05:35 So, you're going to have the same kind of GI distress with this one, just like the incretin mimetics.

05:40 So, these guys, their side effects are going to be fairly easy to keep in mind, because you've got this great graphic to help remind you, they both slow gastric emptying, they both suppress appetite, they both suppress glucagon, and they increase insulin.