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Welcome to
Nursing Across the Life Span.
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In this series,
we're going to discuss
key characteristics
for you to assess as a nurse
with the individual.
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So let's talk about
growth and development.
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So before we get started,
we need to actually define growth.
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And this just means
this is the physical changes
across a lifespan.
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And we can usually do this
through a quantitative process,
which all that means for us,
is this is a measurable way
of deciding which stage
the person is in.
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So just taking a look at this image,
how it stair steps up.
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You see that we start
with infancy,
which is defined at about
1 month to about 1 year,
all the way up to maturity,
which is about 65 and up.
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So now let's talk about
how we define development.
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Now, development is just
the gradual transformation
and maturation
of the whole being.
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Now, this is more
of a qualitative measure.
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And let's take a look at how
we define development.
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Now, one way in which
we can determine the development
is Erikson psychosocial stages.
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Now, these outline
eight stages of development
that can occur
throughout a lifetime.
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Now, this is really important
for us in nursing
and other
health care providers,
because this allows us
to assess,
is the individual
at this particular age range
meeting a healthy
developmental stage?
Now, if we assess
that they are not,
then we can provide additional
resources and support
for that individual.
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Now, let's take a dive into
the Erikson stages themselves.
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Now, if we start here,
at the bottom of this stair step,
we're going to start
with infancy,
which is defined as
about 1 month to approximately 1 year.
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Now, Erickson classifies
this stage here
as trust versus mistrust.
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Now, at this stage,
the infant should be able to trust
that basic needs
are being met
such as food, nutrition,
for example, toileting,
this is going to help
the infant bond to the parent
or to the caregiver.
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Now, there could be a mistrust stage
where the basic needs are not met,
and this can hinder
the development of the infant.
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Now, moving up the ladder here,
we start with early childhood.
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Now, this is about
the 2 to 4 years of age
about the toddler stage
where they're going to experience
autonomy versus shame and doubt.
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Now, really,
this stage is going to discuss
that toddler stage
learning to do for themselves
in gaining some autonomy.
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Now, sometimes, if this person
or excuse me, the toddler
is not at a healthy stage,
they may indeed
doubt their ability.
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Now, moving up
into latter years,
we're going into
the preschool age here
at about 4 to 5 years of age.
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Now, we call this stage
initiative versus guilt.
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Now, this is
when that preschooler
is able to initiate tasks
more independently,
or maybe even feel guilty
about their independence.
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Now, here we are reaching
a very pivotal age of school age,
which is defined about
5 to 12 years.
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And Erikson defines this as
industry versus inferiority.
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Now,
at this particular age,
the school age child
is able to apply themselves
at the tasks that
are given to them.
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Or if they're not able
to do this successfully,
they may feel inferior.
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Now, this is an important stage here
called adolescence.
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Many of you know this, well.
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This is about
13 to 19 years of age,
and we define this as
identity versus role confusion.
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And many people
discuss
that this is a very important
developmental stage,
which is the
adolescent stage here.
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Now, this is where the individual
may does develop
a healthy sense of self,
maybe their own particular beliefs,
or maybe feel like
that they're fitting in a
certain peer group, for example.
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Now, if the adolescent is
unsuccessful in these stages,
they may have some feelings
of role confusion.
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Now, moving into early adulthood,
about 20 to 39 years,
this stage is really just
focusing here on relationships.
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And Erikson calls this stage
intimacy versus isolation.
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So hopefully, at this stage,
the early adult is able to form
productive and healthy
relationships,
or if that's not the case, and
they're not successful in this area,
it could lead to self-isolation.
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Now, moving into
the adulthood age,
about 40 to 64 years of age.
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We talk about
generativity versus stagnation.
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Now, this is an important stage
for adulthood
because this is the stage
that they should
in a healthy development
contribute to others.
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This could be their
children, grandchildren,
or maybe
even their community.
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Now, if they're unsuccessful
in this developmental stage,
it can lead to stagnation or
maybe even a lack of purpose.
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And finally, we've reached
the top of this stair step
in maturity age of 65 and up.
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This is where
the individual is feeling
a satisfaction
maybe with life,
or maybe they feel like their
accomplishments were not enough
and feel a sense of failure.