Definition and Risk Factors – Intellectual Developmental Disorder (IDD) (Nursing)

00:00 This lecture is going to be talking about neurodevelopmental disorders. Let's take a minute to think about that word, neurodevelopmental disorders that begin in the developing brain. Some of these disorders are intellectual developmental disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. So, neurodevelopmental disorders are brain function impairments and they result from alterations in the growth and development of the brain during gestation affecting memory, emotional responses, self-control, and learning abilities. Intellectual developmental disorders has an intellectual as well as an adaptive aspect to it and it begins in the developmental period. So, the brain as it is developing and we know that the brain develops from the first hours of the fetus development right through to the age of about 27. So, when we're thinking about these disorders, we think about their intellectual capacity. The person who is developmentally disabled intellectually will have difficulties over their life span in learning as well as in adapting to different situations. One percent of children are affected by IDD, intellectual developmental disorder. And the severity is categorized as mild, moderate, severe, or profound and that depends upon the child's ability to participate in social, academic, and practical arenas. So what do we mean by that? We're talking about academics being learning abilities in school, social being able to connect with others and practical arenas. Those practical arenas are learning how to take care of yourself, bathing, feeding, toileting. The risk factors that increase the likelihood of IDD can be biological, psychosocial, or a combination of the two. Five percent are due to genetic factors which are chromosomal disorders like Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and Fragile X syndrome. Metabolism errors include phenylketonuria, hyperglycemia, and Tay-Sachs disease. Thirty percent of IDD will occur during the embryonic development and that can be secondary to the maternal use of substance, for example fetal alcohol syndrome or perhaps the maternal illness when a mom is infected during pregnancy with something like Rubella or complications of pregnancy for example a mom who has uncontrolled diabetes or perhaps has toxemia during pregnancy. Now 10% are due to issues that occur during pregnancy and that perinatal period. So if it's during pregnancy, if the fetus is now suffering some malnutrition or has a viral infection or is prematurely born. When you think about the suffering malnutrition, this is why it is so important that when a woman becomes pregnant we really focus on her diet and the fact that she should be taking prenatal vitamins so that she is able to give the substance and the nutrition that that fetus is going to need in order to develop correctly and healthily. Now during the birthing process, IDD can also be an outcome if there is trauma to the head or if there is maternal placenta previa or if there's the prolapse of the umbilical cord causing oxygen deprivation to the infant. Five percent are general medical conditions during infancy or childhood. For example, infections affecting brain development and growth and that might include meningitis or encephalitis, lead poisoning, and other kinds of poisonings as well as ingestion of certain medications. Now you may have heard a lot about TBI or traumatic brain injuries.

05:11 These are physical traumas, head injuries that occur to a child. It could be falling off of a swing and getting a concussion or perhaps asphyxiation also will cause a traumatic brain injury. Now 15% to 20% is deprivation of nutritional and impoverished emotional environments. So if a person is born into poverty for example and they do not have food, they do not have subsistence that will allow their brain to have healthy growth and development, they can have an increased risk for IDD. And if they are born into an environment where there is a lot of trauma where the child is emotionally neglected or abused, that impoverished emotional environment can also increase the likelihood of developing IDD. Social stimulation is very important for normal brain growth so we want to make sure that that newborn, that infant has some social stimulation is able to connect with others from a very early age. Poor prenatal as well as perinatal care from the mom can also result in IDD. So, we need to be able to take care and focus on mom. Other mental and brain disorders can also result in IDD, for example a child with autism spectrum disorder, children who have seizure disorders may develop IDD.