Ca de Testículo (ENARM)

The testicles, also known as the testes or the male gonads, are a pair of egg-shaped glands suspended within the scrotum. The testicles have multiple layers: an outer tunica vaginalis, an intermediate tunica albuginea, and an innermost tunica vasculosa. The testicles are composed of testicular lobules (contain interstitial tissue) and seminiferous tubules (produce spermatozoa). Blood supply to the testicles is primarily provided by the testicular artery. Venous drainage is through testicular veins.

Testicular cancer is the most common solid malignancy affecting men 15–35 years of age. Most of the testicular cancers are of the germ cell tumor type, and they can be classified as seminomas and nonseminomas. The most common presentation of testicular cancer is a painless testicular mass. Diagnosis is via physical exam, testicular ultrasonography, and serum tumor markers. Additional imaging helps with staging and assessment of metastasis. Treatment consists of surgical inguinal orchiectomy, and further adjuvant therapy is based on disease pathology and stage. Subsequent strategies include disease surveillance, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Disease prognosis is excellent, as testicular cancer is one of the most curable solid neoplasms.

The scrotum is a sac hanging outside the body that contains parts of the male reproductive system. The scrotum’s main function is to support testicles outside the body so that spermatogenesis can be completed under optimal conditions. The scrotum can be affected by various pathologic conditions, and imaging is a valuable tool in reaching the appropriate diagnosis. The most important imaging method is ultrasonography +/– Doppler mode because scrotal structures are superficial with no intervening gas. MRI is useful when ultrasound is indeterminate.