00:01 In this lecture, we will discuss attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. 00:06 ADHD or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is sometimes also called ADD or attention deficit disorder when there is less hyperactivity. 00:17 So there are really a few different types of ADHD and I want to discuss them with you. 00:24 It’s basically, in general, an impairment in functioning in at least two settings. 00:29 Usually, home and school, due to impulsivity, inattention, or hyperactivity. 00:36 So let’s discuss the three major types. 00:39 We have the combined type which is the most common. 00:42 Patients with this problem have difficulty with attention and focus and have some hyperactive or impulsive behavior. 00:50 In the inattentive type, which is the second most common, they may have difficulty with attention, but there is no significant hyperactive or impulsive behaviors. 00:59 And then in the hyperactive-impulsive type which is less common, there’s less problems with attention and it’s more common maybe in preschoolers where they mostly have the hyperactive component. 01:12 So there seems to be some genetic predisposition to this problem. 01:17 Boys are much more likely than girls to get the problem. 01:20 A child of a parent with ADHD has a 25% chance of developing ADHD themselves. 01:28 Also, there is a 55-90% monozygotic twin concordance. 01:33 In other words, there seems to be some strong genetics at work here. 01:37 There are also syndromes that are genetic that are predisposed to developing ADHD. 01:44 Children with Klinefelter’s, children with Turner’s, children with fragile X, children with neurofibromatosis type 1 or Williams syndrome or even DiGeorge syndrome are at increased risk for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. 01:59 So there are also, however, environmental factors at work. 02:05 Patients with lower socioeconomic status are more prone to the problem, as our patients with parents who have mental disorders. 02:13 Children in foster care are more likely to have ADHD. 02:17 Children who were of low birth weight or prematurity are more likely to have ADHD. 02:21 And children with acquired traumatic brain injury may develop ADHD. 02:27 So ADHD may present differently depending on the age at which that child is being brought to attention. 02:34 In the preschool era, hyperactivity is usually a larger component. 02:39 These patients may be impulsive. 02:41 They are not flexible with their environment. 02:44 In other words, if something has significantly changed, they don’t tolerate it very well. 02:48 And they may be aggressive with their peers. 02:51 In the elementary school era, these children now start to struggle with listening in class. 02:56 They have poor organizational skills. 02:59 They struggle with social interaction. 03:01 And they may have difficulty functioning independently. 03:04 And as adolescents, they have a problem with academic demands. 03:11 As high school starts and these children have increased responsibility academically, they can really start to struggle. 03:18 And they can start to struggle with attention, learning, and even executive functioning.
The lecture Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) by Brian Alverson, MD is from the course Child Development and Behavior.
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of ADHD in elementary school age children?
Which of the following is not a risk factor of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children?
A boy presents with his mother following reports of drowsiness and inattention to what is being taught in class. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
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Good lecture. It is an important topic in pediatrics indeed. Thanks!