Introduction to Osteopathic Treatment

Lymphatic filariasis, also known as elephantiasis, is a chronic mosquito-borne infection caused by Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and B. timori. The majority of causes are due to W. bancrofti. Mosquitos are the vectors, and humans are the primary reservoir. Patients with acute infection can present with fever, adenolymphangitis, dermatolymphangioadenitis, and tropical pulmonary eosinophilia. Patients with chronic infection present with lymphedema, which commonly affects the lower extremities (but can cause testicular swelling or hydrocele). Long-term effects also include renal manifestations. Thick and thin peripheral blood smears are the mainstay of diagnosis. Lymphatic filariasis without co-infection is generally managed with diethylcarbamazine. Prognosis is good with early diagnosis and intervention. Elephantiasis, or late-stage lymphedema, is associated with significant disability and would require different methods (including surgery) to reduce swelling and complications.